Method of treating polycystic kidney diseases with ceramide derivatives

ABSTRACT

A method of treating polycystic kidney disease in a subject comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by Structural Formula (1): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/681,291, which is the U.S. National Stage application of International Application No. PCT/US2008/011450 filed on Oct. 3, 2008, published in English, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/997,803 filed Oct. 5, 2007.

The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A cyst is an abnormal fluid-filled sac that can form in many parts of the body, such as the kidney, liver, pancreas, spleen and heart. Polycystic disease is a disease that occurs when a large number of cysts cause damage to these organs. For example, polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a disease characterized by the growth of numerous cysts throughout the kidneys. The PKD cysts can slowly replace much of the mass of the kidneys, reducing kidney function and leading to kidney failure. About half the people with the most common form of PKD progress to kidney failure and require dialysis or kidney transplantation. PKD can also cause cysts in other organs, most commonly the liver, but also the spleen, pancreas, heart and blood vessels in the brain. About 500,000 people have PKD in this country, and PKD is the fourth leading cause of kidney failure. Autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) accounts for about 90% of all PKD cases and about 8-10% of all cases of end stage renal disease. Currently, there is no approved treatment or cure for PKD. Present medical and surgical procedures only reduce the pain resulting from expansion of renal cysts or resolve other symptoms associated with PKD such as infections or high blood pressure. None of these procedures, aside from kidney transplantation, appreciably slows the progression of the disease.

Thus, there is a need for agents and methods for preventing the onset of, or slowing the progression of PKD.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Applicants have now discovered that certain ceramide derivatives can reduce cystic growth in an animal model for polycystic kidney disease, as measured by kidney/body weight ratio and cyst volume. Based upon this discovery, a method of treating polycystic kidney disease with the ceramide derivatives is disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of treating polycystic kidney disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by Structural Formula (1):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

R¹ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

Y is —H, a hydrolyzable group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.

R² and R³ are each independently —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen atom of N(R²R³) form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring.

X is a covalent bond; —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m)—; —(CR⁵R⁶)_(n)-Q-; —O—; —S—; or —NR⁷—;

Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —NR⁸—, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)—, —SO₃—, —SO—, —S(O)₂—, —SO₂NR⁸—, or —NR⁸SO₂—.

When X is —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m), R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂ or a halogen.

When X is other than —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m), R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H, —OH, —SH, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkylthio group, or a substituted or unsubstituted lower aliphatic group.

Each R⁷ is independently —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or R⁷ and R⁴ taken together with the nitrogen atom of NR⁷R⁴ form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group.

Each R⁸ is independently —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15.

m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Also, included in the present invention is the use of ceramide derivatives disclosed herein for treating polycystic kidney disease in a subject.

The present invention also includes the use of ceramide derivatives disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a subject having polycystic kidney disease.

The present invention has many advantages. In particular, the present invention provides a treatment for PKD that addresses the underlying disease state, rather than simply ameliorating symptoms that are associated with PKD. Such compounds may reduce the need for kidney dialysis or transplant in patients suffering from PKD.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method of treating polycystic kidney disease (PKD) that comprises administering an effective amount of a ceramide derivative disclosed herein to a subject. As shown in Example 4, Applicants have discovered that a certain ceramide derivative can reduce the growth of cyst formation and/or growth in an animal modeled PKD.

In one embodiment, the ceramide derivative is represented by Structural Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A first set of values and preferred values for the variables in Structural Formula (I) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Y is —H, a hydrolyzable group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. Examples of hydrolyzable groups include —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NRR′, C(S)R, —C(S)OR, —C(O)SR or —C(S)NRR′. Specific examples of hydrolyzable groups include an acetyl, —C(═O)(CH₂)CH₃ and —C(═O)-(1-lower alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-4-yl. In a specific embodiment, Y is —H, a hydrolyzable group, or an alkyl group. In another specific embodiment, Y is —H, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR or —C(O)NRR′. In yet another specific embodiment, Y is —H.

X is a covalent bond; —(CR⁵R⁶)_(n)-Q-; —O—; —S—; or —NR⁷—.

Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —NR⁸—, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)—, —SO₃—, —SO—, —S(O)₂—, —SO₂NR⁸—, or —NR⁸SO₂—. In a specific embodiment, Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —NR⁸C(O)NR⁸—, or —OC(O)—. In yet another specific embodiment, Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —NR⁸(CO)— or —C(O)NR⁸—. In yet another specific embodiment, Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)— or —C(S)—. In yet another specific embodiment, Q is —O— or —C(O)—.

R¹ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. In a specific embodiment, R¹ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, such as a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group. In another specific embodiment, R¹ is

where r is 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2.

Suitable substituents for each of the aryl and heteroary groups represented by R¹ include halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, Ar¹, —OR³⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR³⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —NCS, —N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹C(O)R³⁰, —NR³¹C(O)OR³², —N(R³¹)C(O)N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)R³⁰, —C(S)R³⁰, —C(O)OR³⁰, —OC(O)R³⁰, —C(O)N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)₂R³⁰, —SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)R³², —SO₃R³², —NR³¹SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹SO₂R³², —V_(o)—Ar¹, —V_(o)—OR³⁰, —V_(o)—O(haloalkyl), —V_(o)—SR³⁰, —V_(o)—NO₂, —V_(o)—CN, —V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—NR³¹C(O)R³⁰, —V_(o)—NR³¹CO₂R³², —V_(o)—N(R³¹)C(O)N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—C(O)R³⁰, —V_(o)—C(S)R³⁰, —V_(o)—CO₂R³⁰, —V_(o)—OC(O)R³⁰, —V_(o)—C(O)N(R³¹)₂—, —V_(o)—S(O)₂R³², —V_(o)—SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—S(O)R³², —V_(o)—SO₃R³², —V_(o)—NR³¹SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—NR³¹SO₂R³², —O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹C(O)—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹C(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(O)—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(S)—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —C(S)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(O)O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—C(O)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(O)N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S(O)₂—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)₂—V_(o)—Ar¹, —SO₂N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —SO₂N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S(O)—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S(O)₂—O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)₂—O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —NR³¹SO₂—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹SO₂—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p)—S—, or —[CH₂]_(q)—. Certain specific substituents for each of the aryl and heteroary groups represented by R¹ include halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, —OR³⁰, —SR³⁰, —N(R³¹)₂, Ar¹, —V_(o)—OR³⁰, —V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p)—S—, or —[CH₂]_(q)—. Alternatively, certain specific substituents for each of the aryl and heteroary groups represented by R¹ include halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, —OH, alkoxy, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—, and —[CH₂]_(q)—. Alternatively, certain specific substituents for each of the aryl and heteroary groups represented by R¹ include —OR³⁰ (e.g., —OH, —OCH₃, —OC₂H₅), alkyl, (e.g., C1-C6 alkyl), or —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—.

R² and R³ are each independently —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen atom of N(R²R³) form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring. In a specific embodiment, R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen atom of N(R²R³) form a 5- or 6-membered, optionally-substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring. In another specific embodiment, —N(R²R³) is an optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl group. In another specific embodiment, —N(R²R³) is an unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl group, preferably an unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl group.

Suitable substituents for the aliphatic, aryl and heteroaryl groups represented by R² and R³, and suitable substituents for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by N(R²R³) each independently include halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —OR⁴⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁴⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —N(R⁴¹)₂, —NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴⁰, —NR⁴¹C(O)OR⁴², —N(R⁴¹)C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂, —C(O)R⁴⁰, —C(S)R⁴⁰, —C(O)OR⁴⁰, —OC(O)R⁴⁰, —C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂, —S(O)₂R⁴², —SO₂N(R⁴¹)₂, —S(O)R⁴², —SO₃R⁴², Ar², V₂—Ar², —V₂—OR⁴⁰, —V₂—O(haloalkyl), —V₂—SR⁴⁰, —V₂—NO₂, —V₂—CN, —V₂—N(R⁴¹)₂, —V₂—NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴⁰, —V₂—NR⁴¹CO₂R⁴², —V₂—N(R⁴¹)C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂, —V₂—C(O)R⁴⁰, —V₂—C(S)R⁴⁰, —V₂—CO₂R⁴⁰, —V₂—OC(O)R⁴⁰, —V₂—C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂—, —V₂—S(O)₂R⁴², —V₂—SO₂N(R⁴¹)₂, —V₂—S(O)R⁴², —V₂—SO₃R⁴², —O—V₂—Ar² and —S—V₂—Ar². Certain specific substituents for the aliphatic, aryl and heteroaryl groups represented by R² and R³, and for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by N(R²R³) each independently include halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —OR⁴⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁴⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —N(R⁴¹)₂, —C(O)R⁴⁰, —C(S)R⁴⁰, —C(O)OR⁴⁰, —OC(O)R⁴⁰, —C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂, Ar², V₂—Ar², —V₂—OR⁴⁰, —V₂—O(haloalkyl), —V₂—SR⁴⁰, —V₂—NO₂, —V₂—CN, —V₂—N(R⁴¹)₂, —V₂—C(O)R⁴⁰, —V₂—C(S)R⁴⁰, —V₂—CO₂R⁴⁰, —V₂—OC(O)R⁴⁰, —O—V₂—Ar² and —S—V₂—Ar². Alternatively, certain specific substituents for the aliphatic, aryl and heteroaryl groups represented by R² and R³, and for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by N(R²R³) each independently include halogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, —O(C1-C10 alkyl), —O(phenyl), —O(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —S(C1-C10 alkyl), —S(phenyl), —S(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —NH(C1-C10 alkyl), —N(C1-C10 alkyl)₂, —NH(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —N(C1-C10 haloalkyl)₂, —NH(phenyl), —N(phenyl)₂, —C(O)(C1-C10 alkyl), —C(O)(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —C(O)(phenyl), —C(S)(C1-C10 alkyl), —C(S)(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —C(S)(phenyl), —C(O)O(C1-C10 alkyl), —C(O)O(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —C(O)O(phenyl), phenyl, —V₂-phenyl, —V₂—O-phenyl, —V₂—O(C1-C10 alkyl), —V₂—O(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₂—S-phenyl, —V₂—S(C1-C10 alkyl), —V₂—S(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₂—NO₂, —V₂—CN, —V₂—NH(C1-C10 alkyl), —V₂—N(C1-C10 alkyl)₂, —V₂—NH(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₂—N(C1-C10 haloalkyl)₂, —V₂—NH(phenyl), —V₂—N(phenyl)₂, —V₂—C(O)(C1-C10 alkyl), —V₂—C(O)(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₂—C(O)(phenyl), —V₂—C(S)(C1-C10 alkyl), —V₂—C(S)(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₂—C(S)(phenyl), —V₂—C(O)O(C1-C10 alkyl), —V₂—C(O)O(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₂—C(O)O(phenyl), —V₂—OC(O)(C1-C10 alkyl), —V₂—OC(O)(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₂—OC(O)(phenyl), —O—V₂-phenyl and —S—V₂-phenyl. Alternatively, certain specific substituents for the aliphatic, aryl and heteroaryl groups represented by R² and R³, and for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by N(R²R³) each independently include halogen, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C5 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C5 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C5 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C5 alkylamino and C1-C5 dialkylamino.

When X is —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m), R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂ or a halogen, or alternatively when X is other than —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m), R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. Specifically, R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

In a specific embodiment, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aliphatic group, such as an optionally substituted alkyl group. In one aspect of this specific embodiment, the optionally substituted aliphatic group, including the optionally substituted alkyl group, is acyclic. In a more specific embodiment, R⁴ is an alkyl group. In another more specific embodiment, R⁴ is a C6-C18 alkyl group, such as a C6, C7, C8, C9 or C10 alkyl group. In one aspect of these more specific embodiment, the alkyl group, including the C6, C7, C8, C9 or C10 alkyl group, is acyclic.

In another specific embodiment, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, or an optionally substituted alkyl group.

In yet another specific embodiment, R⁴ is an optionally substituted phenyl group or an optionally substituted alkyl group, such as C1-C10 alkyl group, or C6-C8 alkyl group.

In yet another specific embodiment, R⁴ is an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a lower arylalkyl group or a lower heteroarylalkyl group, or alternatively, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. In a more specific embodiment, the aryl, the heteroaryl, the lower arylalkyl and the lower heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴ are selected from the group consisting of:

wherein each of rings A-Z5 is optionally and independently substituted; and each x is independently 0 or 1, specifically x is 0. Even more preferably, R⁴ is an optionally substituted

group. Alternatively, R⁴ is an optionally substituted phenyl group. Alternatively, R⁴ is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each independently optionally substituted with Ar³, such as a phenyl group optionally substituted with Ar³. It is noted that, as shown above, rings A-Z5 can be attached to variable “X” of Structural Formula (I) through —(CH₂)_(x)— at any ring carbon of rings A-Z5 which is not at a position bridging two aryl groups. For example, R⁴ represented by

means that R⁴ is attached to variable “X” through either ring J or ring K.

Suitable substituents for each of the aliphatic, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴, including the alkyl group, the arylalkyl, the heteroarylalkyl group and rings A-Z5, include halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, Ar³, Ar³—Ar³, —OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁵⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —NCS, —N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —NR⁵¹C(O)OR⁵², —N(R⁵¹)C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(S)R⁵⁰, —C(O)OR⁵⁰, —OC(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)₂R⁵², —SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)R⁵², —SO₃R⁵², —NR⁵¹SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹SO₂R⁵², —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —V₄—SR⁵⁰, —V₄—NO₂, —V₄—CN, —V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—NR⁵¹CO₂R⁵², —V₄—N(R⁵¹)C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(S)R⁵⁰, —V₄—CO₂R⁵⁰, —V₄—OC(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂—, —V₄—S(O)₂R⁵², —V₄—SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—S(O)R⁵², —V₄—SO₃R⁵², —V₄—NR⁵¹SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹SO₂R⁵², —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S—V₄—Ar³, —S—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —N(R⁵)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(S)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(S)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)O—V₄—Ar³, —O—C(O)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —S(O)₂—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)₂—V₄—Ar³, —SO₂N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —SO₂N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —S(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)—V₄—Ar³, —S(O)₂—O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)₂—O—V₄—Ar³, —NR⁵¹SO₂—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹SO₂—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p′)—S—, and —[CH₂]_(q′)—. Certain specific substituents for each of the aliphatic group, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴, including the alkyl group, the arylalkyl group, the heteroarylalkyl group and rings A-Z5, include halogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, Ar³, Ar³—Ar³, —OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁵⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)OR⁵⁰, —OC(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —V₄—SR⁵⁰, —V₄—NO₂, —V₄—CN, —V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—CO₂R⁵⁰, —V₄—OC(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂—, —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S—V₄—Ar³, —S—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)O—V₄—Ar³, —O—C(O)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—. Alternatively certain specific substituents for each of the aliphatic group, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴, including the alkyl group, the arylalkyl group, the heteroarylalkyl group and rings A-Z5, include halogen, cyano, nitro, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, amino, C1-C10 alkylamino, C1-C10 dialkylamino, —OR⁵⁰, —Ar³, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —O(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —V₄—O(C1-C10 haloalkyl), —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q)—. Alternatively certain specific substituents for each of the aliphatic group, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴, including the alkyl group, the arylalkyl group, the heteroarylalkyl group and rings A-Z5, include halogen, cyano, nitro, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, amino, C1-C10 alkylamino, C1-C10 dialkylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, C1-10 alkoxy, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O— or —[CH₂]_(q)—. Alternatively certain specific substituents for each of the aliphatic group, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴, including the alkyl group, the arylalkyl group, the heteroarylalkyl group and rings A-Z5, include halogen, cyano, amino, nitro, Ar³, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, hydroxy and C1-C6 haloalkoxy. Alternatively certain specific substituents each of the aliphatic group, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴, including the alkyl group, the arylalkyl group, the heteroarylalkyl group and rings A-Z5, include —OH, —OCH₃, —OC₂H₅ and —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O—. Specifically, when R⁴ is an optionally substituted phenyl ring A, at least one of the optional substituents of ring A is at the para position.

R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H, —OH, —SH, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkylthio group, or a substituted or unsubstituted lower aliphatic group. Specifically, R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H; —OH; a halogen; or a lower alkoxy or lower alkyl group. More specifically, R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H, —OH or a halogen. Even more specifically, R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H.

Each of R⁷ and R⁸ independently is —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. Alternatively, R⁷ and R⁴ taken together with the nitrogen atom of —NR⁷R⁴ form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. In some specific embodiments, each of R⁷ and R⁸ independently is —H, an optionally substituted aliphatic group or an optionally substituted phenyl group. In some specific embodiments, each of R⁷ and R⁸ independently is —H, an optionally substituted alkyl group or an optionally substituted phenyl group. In other specific embodiments, each of R⁷ and R⁸ independently is —H or a C1-C6 alkyl group, phenyl or benzyl. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific examples, for the aliphatic, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by each of R⁷ and R⁸ independently are as described above for variable R⁴. Examples of suitable substituents for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —NR⁷R⁴ include halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, (C1-C6 alkyl)amino and (C1-C6 dialkyl)amino. Certain specific substituents for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —NR⁷R⁴ include halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, (C1-C6 alkyl)amino and (C1-C6 dialkyl)amino.

n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. Specifically, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. Alternatively, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. Alternatively, n is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. Alternatively, n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. Alternatively, n is 2, 3, 4 or 5.

m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, specifically 1, 2, 3 or 4.

Each p is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4, specifically 1 or 2.

Each q is independently 3, 4, 5 or 6, specifically 3 or 4.

Each p′ is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4, specifically 1 or 2.

Each q′ is independently 3, 4, 5 or 6, specifically 3 or 4.

Each V_(o) is independently a C1-C10 alkylene group, specifically C1-C4 alkylene group.

Each V₁ is independently a C2-C10 alkylene group, specifically C2-C4 alkylene group.

Each V₂ is independently a C1-C4 alkylene group.

Each V₄ is independently a C1-C10 alkylene group, specifically a C1-C4 alkylene group.

Each V₅ is independently a C2-C10 alkylene group, specifically a C2-C4 alkylene group.

Each Ar¹ is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy and haloalkyl. Specifically, Ar¹ is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl. More specifically, Ar¹ is a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl.

Each Ar² is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, such as a phenyl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino.

Each Ar³ is independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy and haloalkyl. Specifically, each Ar³ is independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C10 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C10 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C10 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C10 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C10 alkylamino and C1-C10 dialkylamino. Even more specifically, each Ar³ is independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C4 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C4 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C4 alkylamino and C1-C4 dialkylamino.

Each R³⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; or iii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl and alkylcarbonyl. Specifically, each R³⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C1 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl and C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl. More specifically, each R³⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C1 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl and C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl.

Each R³¹ is independently R³⁰, —CO₂R³⁰, —SO₂R³⁰ or —C(O)R³⁰; or —N(R³¹)₂ taken together is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. In a specific embodiment, each R³¹ is independently R³⁰, or —N(R³¹)₂ is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. Suitable substituents for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —N(R³¹)₂ include halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, (C1-C6 alkyl)amino and (C1-C6 dialkyl)amino. Certain specific substituents for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —N(R³¹)₂ include halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, (C1-C6 alkyl)amino and (C1-C6 dialkyl)amino.

Each R³² is independently i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; or ii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl and alkylcarbonyl. Specifically, each R³² is independently i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or ii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C1 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl and C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl. More specifically, each R³² is independently i) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or ii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C1 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl and C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl.

Each R⁴⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, such as a phenyl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino; or iii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino.

Each R⁴¹ independently is R⁴⁰, —CO₂R⁴⁰, —SO₂R⁴⁰ or —C(O)R⁴⁰; or —N(R⁴¹)₂ taken together is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. In a specific embodiment, each R⁴¹ independently is R⁴⁰, or —N(R⁴¹)₂ is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. Suitable exemplary substituents, including specific exemplary substituents, for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —N(R⁴¹)₂ are as described above for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —N(R³¹)₂.

Each R⁴² independently is i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, such as a phenyl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino; or ii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino.

Each R⁵⁰ independently is i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, such as a phenyl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; or iii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl. Specifically, each R⁵⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, such as a phenyl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino; or iii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino.

Each R⁵¹ independently is R⁵⁰, —CO₂R⁵⁰, —SO₂R⁵⁰ or —C(O)R⁵⁰, or —N(R⁵¹)² taken together is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. In a specific embodiment, each R⁵¹ independently is R5⁰, or —N(R⁵¹)² is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. Suitable exemplary substituents, including specific exemplary substituents, for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —N(R⁵¹)² are as described above for the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —N(R³¹)₂.

Each R⁵² independently is i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, such as a phenyl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; or ii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl. Specifically, each R⁵² independently is i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, such as a phenyl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino; or ii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino.

R and R′ are each independently i) —H; ii) a C1-C6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, aryl and heteroaryl; or iii) an aryl or a heteroaryl group, each independently and optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 aliphatic group and C1-C6 haloaliphatic group. Alternatively, R and R′ taken together with the nitrogen atom of NRR′ form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen; —OH; —CN; —NCS; —NO₂; —NH₂; C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 haloalkoxy; C1-C6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, aryl and heteroaryl; and an aryl or a heteroaryl group, each independently and optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 aliphatic group and C1-C6 haloaliphatic group. In a specific embodiment, R and R′ are each independently i) —H; ii) a C1-C6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, aryl and heteroaryl; or iii) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 aliphatic group and C1-C6 haloaliphatic group. Alternatively, R and R′ taken together with the nitrogen atom of NRR′ form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen; —OH; —CN; —NCS; —NO₂; —NH₂; C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 haloalkoxy; C1-C6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, aryl and heteroaryl; and a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 aliphatic group and C1-C6 haloaliphatic group. In another specific embodiment, R and R′ are each independently —H; a C1-C6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, phenyl, hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 haloalkoxy and benzyl; phenyl; or benzyl. Specific examples of each R and R′ include —H, C1-C4 alkyl, phenyl and benzyl.

A second set of values for the variables in Structural Formula (I) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Y is —H, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR or —C(O)NRR′, preferably —H.

R¹ is an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R¹ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen atom of N(R²R³) form a 5- or 6-membered, optionally-substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by —NR²R³ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

Values and preferred values for the remainder of the variables of Structural Formula (I) are each independently as described above for the first set of values.

A third set of values for the variables in Structural Formula (I) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Y is —H, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR or —C(O)NRR′, preferably —H.

R¹ is an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R¹ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen atom of N(R²R³) form a 5- or 6-membered, optionally-substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by —NR²R³ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H, —OH, a halogen, a lower alkoxy group or a lower alkyl group.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formula (I) are each independently as described above for the first set of values.

A fourth set of values for the variables in Structural Formula (I) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, R¹, R², R³, R⁵ and R⁶ independently is as described above for the third set of values.

X is —(CR⁵R⁶)_(n)-Q-; Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —NR⁸—, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)—, —SO₃—, —SO—, —S(O)₂—, —SO₂NR⁸—, or —NR⁸SO₂—; and R⁴ is —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. Alternatively, X is —O—, —S— or —NR⁷—; and R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. Alternatively, X is —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m)—; and R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂ or a halogen. Alternatively, X is a covalent bond; and R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.

n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formula (I) are each independently as described above for the first set of values.

In a second embodiment, the ceramide derivative is represented by Structural Formula (II), (III), (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII), (IX), (X), (XI), (XII), (XIII) or (XIV):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. A first set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Y in Structural Formula (II) is —H, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR or —C(O)NRR′, preferably —H.

R¹ is an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R¹ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen atom of N(R²R³) form a 5- or 6-membered, optionally-substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by —NR²R³ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

For Structural Formula (II), in one specific embodiment, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aliphatic group. In another specific embodiment, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aliphatic group, an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂ or a halogen. In one further aspect of this another specific embodiment, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the aliphatic, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

Each R⁴ in Structural Formulas (IV), (V), (VI), (VII), (X), (XI) and (XII) is independently an optionally substituted aliphatic group, an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. Specifically, for Structural Formulas (VI) and (VII), each R⁴ independently is an optionally substituted aryl group, an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, an optionally substituted lower arylalkyl group or an optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl group. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the aliphatic, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

Each of R⁵ and R⁶ in Structural Formulas (III), (IV) and (V) are each independently —H, —OH, a halogen, a C1-C6 alkoxy group or a C1-C6 alkyl group.

Each R⁴ in Structural Formulas (III) and (VIII) independently is an optionally substituted cyclic alkyl (e.g., C3-C8) group, an optionally substituted cyclic alkenyl (e.g., C3-C8) group, an optionally substituted aryl group, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂ or a halogen. Specifically, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the alkyl, the alkenyl, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁴ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

Each R⁷ in Structural Formulas (VII) and (XII) is independently —H or C1-C6 alkyl.

For Structural Formula (IV), values and preferred values of each of Q and R⁸ independently are as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I). In a specific embodiment of Structural Formula (IV), Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —NR⁸(CO)—, —C(O)NR⁸— or —OC(O)—; and R⁸ is optionally —H, an optionally substituted aliphatic group, an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. In another specific embodiment of Structural Formula (IV), Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —NR⁸(CO)—, —C(O)NR⁸— or —OC(O)—; and R⁸ is optionally —H, an optionally substituted aliphatic group or an optionally substituted phenyl group. In yet another specific embodiment of Structural Formula (IV), Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —NR⁸(CO)— or —C(O)NR⁸—; and R⁸ is optionally —H, an optionally substituted aliphatic group, an optionally substituted aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group. In yet another specific embodiment of Structural Formula (IV), Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —NR⁸(CO)— or —C(O)NR⁸—; and R⁸ is optionally —H, an optionally substituted aliphatic group or an optionally substituted phenyl group. In yet another specific embodiment of Structural Formula (IV), Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —NR⁸(CO)— or —C(O)NR⁸—; and R⁸ is optionally —H, an optionally substituted aliphatic group or an optionally substituted phenyl group; and R⁸ is —H or a C1-C6 alkyl group, phenyl or benzyl. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the alkyl, the alkenyl, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by R⁸ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

Each R¹⁰ in Structural Formulas (XIII) and (XIV) independently is i) —H; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, and haloalkyl; or iii) a C1-C6 alkyl group each optionally and independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, amino, C1-C10 alkylamino, C1-C10 dialkylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, hydroxy, C1-10 alkoxy, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O— or —[CH₂]_(q)—.

Each k in Structural Formulas (XIII) and (XIV) independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

Each n in Structural Formulas (IV) and (V) independently is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

A second set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, Q, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸ and R¹⁰ independently is as described above for the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

R¹ is a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, —OR³⁰, —SR³⁰, —N(R³¹)₂, Ar¹, —V_(o)—OR³⁰, —V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V_(o)—Ar, —O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p)—S—, or —[CH₂]_(q)—. Specifically, R¹ is a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, —OH, alkoxy, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—and —[CH₂]_(q)—. Specifically, the “alkyl” referred to in the alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, alkylamino and dialkylamino groups of the exemplary substitutents independently is C1-C6 alkyl.

Ar¹ is a phenyl group each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl. Preferably, Ar¹ is a phenyl group each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl.

Each R³⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) a C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl.

Each R³¹ is independently R³⁰, or —N(R³¹)₂ is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group. Examples of suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for the non-aromatic heterocyclic ring represented by —NR²R³ are as described in the first set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I).

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

A third set of values for the variables in Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, Q, R¹, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R³⁰, R³¹ and Ar¹ independently is as described above for the second set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

Each —N(R²R³) is a pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C5 alkylcarbonyl or C1-C5 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C5 alkylamino and C1-C5 dialkylamino.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

A fourth set of values for the variables in Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, Q, R¹, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R³⁰, R³¹ and Ar¹ independently is as described above for the third set of values for values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

Each —N(R²R³) is an unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl group.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

A fifth set of values for the variables in Structural Formulas (II)-(XIII) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, Q, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R³⁰, R³¹ and Ar¹ independently is as described above for the fourth set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

R¹ is a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OR³⁰ (e.g., —OH, —OCH₃, —OC₂H₅), alkyl (e.g., C1-C10 alkyl) and —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—. Specifically, R¹ is 4-hydroxyphenyl or 3,4-ethylenedioxy-1-phenyl.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

A sixth set of values for the variables in Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, Q, R, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R³⁰, R³¹ and Ar¹ independently is as described above for the fifth set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

Each R⁴ for Structural Formulas (II), (IV)-(VII), (IX) and (X) is independently i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —OR⁵⁰, —Ar³, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—; or ii) an aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —OR⁵⁰, —Ar³, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—.

Each R⁴ for Structural Formulas (XI) and (XII) is independently an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, a lower arylalkyl group or a lower heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, Ar³, —OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁵⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)OR⁵⁰, —OC(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —V₄—SR⁵⁰, —V₄—NO₂, —V₄—CN, —V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—CO₂R⁵⁰, —V₄—OC(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂—, —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S—V₄—Ar³, —S—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)O—V₄—Ar³, —O—C(O)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—. Specifically, R⁴ is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —OR⁵⁰, —Ar³, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—.

Each R⁴ for Structural Formulas (III) and (VIII) independently is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —OR⁵⁰, —Ar³, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

A seventh set of values for the variables in Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, Q, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R³⁰, R³¹ and Ar¹ independently is as described above for the sixth set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

Each Ar³ is independently a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl.

Each R⁵⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) an C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

An eighth set of values for the variables in Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) is provided in the following paragraphs:

Each of Y, Q, R, R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R¹⁰, R³⁰, R³¹, R⁵⁰, Ar¹ and Ar³ independently is as described above for the seventh set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

Each —N(R²R³) is independently N-pyrrolidinyl or N-morpholinyl.

R⁴ for Structural Formula (II) is an aliphatic group. Specifically, R⁴ is a C6-C18 alkyl group or a C6-C8 alkyl group (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9 or C10 alkyl group).

Each R⁴ for Structural Formulas (IX) and (X) is independently an alkyl group, or an optionally substituted phenyl group. Specifically, each R⁴ is an unsubstituted alkyl group (e.g., C1-C10 alkyl), or a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OCH₃ and —OC₂H₅.

Each R⁴ for Structural Formulas (XI) and (XII) is an optionally substituted aryl or an optionally substituted heteroaryl group, each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —OR⁵⁰, —Ar³, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—. Specifically, the “alkyl” referred to in the alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, alkylamino and dialkylamino groups of the exemplary substitutents independently is C1-C10 alkyl, or, alternatively, C1-C6 alkyl.

R⁴ for Structural Formula (III) or (VIII) is a biaryl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, amino, nitro, Ar³, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy and haloalkoxy. Specifically, the optionally substituted biaryl group is an optionally substituted biphenyl group. Alternatively, —(CH₂)_(n)—R⁸ is

wherein phenyl ring A is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, amino, nitro, Ar³, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy and haloalkoxy.

Each R¹⁰ for Structural Formulas (XIII) and (XIV) is independently a C1-C6 alkyl group; an optionally substituted phenyl group; or an optionally substituted, monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl group. Suitable substituents, including specific substituents, for each of the alkyl, phenyl and the heteroaryl groups are as described in the first set of values for R⁴ of Structural Formula (I). Specifically, exemplary substituents for each of the alkyl, phenyl and the heteroaryl groups are as described above in the seventh set of values for R⁸ for Structural Formulas (XIII) and (XIV).

For Structural Formulas (III) and (VIII), m is 1, 2 or 3.

For Structural Formulas (IX) and (X), each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Specifically, for Structural Formula (IX), n is 1, 2, 3 or 4. Specifically, for Structural Formula (X), n is 3, 4 or 5.

Values and preferred values of the remainder of the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) are each independently as described above in the first set of values for Structural Formula (I).

In a ninth set, values and preferred values of each of Y, Q, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R³⁰, R³¹, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴¹, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵¹, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar², and Ar³ of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) independently are as described above for the first set, second set, third set or fourth set of values for the variables of Structural Formula (I). Values and preferred values of the remaining variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV) each independently are as described above for the first set, second set, third set, fourth set, fifth set, six set, seventh set or an eighth set of values for the variables of Structural Formulas (II)-(XIV).

Certain specific examples of ceramide derivatives that can be employed in the invention are as follows:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein each ring A is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl and alkoxy.

It is to be understood that when any compound is referred to herein by name or structure, solvates, hydrates and polymorphs thereof are included.

The ceramide derivatives disclosed herein may contain one or more chiral center and/or double bond and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers, or diastereomers. When the ceramide derivatives are depicted or named herein without indicating the stereochemistry, it is to be understood that stereomerically pure forms (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, or diastereomerically pure) and stereoisomeric mixtures are encompassed. For example, the compound represented by Structural Formula (I) below has chiral centers 1 and 2. Accordingly, the ceramide derivatives depicted by Structural Formula (I) include the (1R,2R), (1R,2S), (1S,2R) or (1S,2S) stereoisomer and mixtures thereof.

In some specific embodiments, the ceramide derivatives represented by Structural Formula (I) are (1R,2R) stereoisomers.

As used herein, a racemic mixture means about 50% of one enantiomer and about 50% of its corresponding enantiomer relative to all chiral centers in the molecule.

Enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase gas chromatography, chiral-phase high performance liquid chromatography, crystallizing the compound as a chiral salt complex, or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent. Enantiomers and diastereomers can also be obtained from diastereomerically- or enantiomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well known asymmetric synthetic methods.

When the stereochemistry of the disclosed compounds is named or depicted by structure, the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight pure relative to the other stereoisomers. When a single enantiomer is named or depicted by structure, the depicted or named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% optically pure. Percent optical purity by weight is the ratio of the weight of the enatiomer over the weight of the enantiomer plus the weight of its optical isomer.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the ceramide derivatives can be used in the methods disclosed herein. The ceramide derivatives that include one or more basic amine groups can form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acid(s). Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include salts of inorganic acids (such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic, phosphoric, metaphosphoric, nitric, and sulfuric acids) and of organic acids (such as, acetic acid, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glycolic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, succinic, p-toluenesulfonic, and tartaric acids). The ceramide derivatives that include one or more acidic groups, such as carboxylic acids, can form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable base(s). Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts (such as sodium and potassium salts) and alkaline earth metal salts (such as magnesium and calcium salts).

The term “halo” as used herein means halogen and includes chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo.

An “aliphatic group” is non-aromatic, consists solely of carbon and hydrogen and may optionally contain one or more units of unsaturation, e.g., double and/or triple bonds. An aliphatic group may be straight chained, branched or cyclic. When straight chained or branched, an aliphatic group typically contains between 1 and 20 carbon atoms, typically between 1 and 10 carbon atoms, more typically between 1 and 6 atoms. When cyclic, an aliphatic group typically contains between 3 and 10 carbon atoms, more typically between about 3 and 7 carbon atoms. A “substituted aliphatic group” is substituted at any one or more “substitutable carbon atom”. A “substitutable carbon atom” in an aliphatic group is a carbon in an aliphatic group that is bonded to one or more hydrogen atoms. One or more hydrogen atoms can be optionally replaced with a suitable substituent group. A “haloaliphatic group” is an aliphatic group, as defined above, substituted with one or more halogen atoms. Suitable substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an aliphatic group are the same as those for an alkyl group.

The term “alkyl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, such as “alkoxy”, “haloalkyl”, “arylalkyl”, “alkylamine”, “cycloalkyl”, “dialkyamine”, “alkylamino”, “dialkyamino” “alkylcarbonyl”, “alkoxycarbonyl” and the like, as used herein means saturated straight-chain, cyclic or branched aliphatic group. As used herein, a C1-C6 alkyl group is referred to “lower alkyl.” Similarly, the terms “lower alkoxy”, “lower haloalkyl”, “lower arylalkyl”, “lower alkylamine”, “lower cycloalkylalkyl”, “lower dialkyamine”, “lower alkylamino”, “lower dialkyamino” “lower alkylcarbonyl”, “lower alkoxycarbonyl” include straight and branched saturated chains containing one to six carbon atoms. In some specific embodiments, the “alkyl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, such as “alkoxy”, “haloalkyl”, “arylalkyl”, “alkylamine”, “cycloalkyl”, “dialkyamine”, “alkylamino”, “dialkyamino” “alkylcarbonyl”, “alkoxycarbonyl” and the like, independently is C1-C10 alkyl, or, alternatively, C1-C6 alkyl.

The term “alkoxy” means —O-alkyl; “hydroxyalkyl” means alkyl substituted with hydroxy; “aralkyl” means alkyl substituted with an aryl group; “alkoxyalkyl” mean alkyl substituted with an alkoxy group; “alkylamine” means amine substituted with an alkyl group; “cycloalkylalkyl” means alkyl substituted with cycloalkyl; “dialkylamine” means amine substituted with two alkyl groups; “alkylcarbonyl” means —C(O)—R*, wherein R* is alkyl; “alkoxycarbonyl” means —C(O)—OR*, wherein R* is alkyl; and where alkyl is as defined above.

The terms “haloalkyl” and “haloalkoxy” mean alkyl or alkoxy, as the case may be, substituted with one or more halogen atoms. The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br or I. Preferably the halogen in a haloalkyl or haloalkoxy is F.

The term “acyl group” means —C(O)R*, wherein R* is an optionally substituted alkyl group or aryl group (e.g., optionally substituted phenyl). R is preferably an unsubstituted alkyl group or phenyl.

An “alkylene group” is represented by —[CH₂]_(z)—, wherein z is a positive integer, preferably from one to eight, more preferably from one to four.

An “alkenylene group” is an alkylene in which at least a pair of adjacent methylenes are replaced with —CH═CH—.

An “alkynylene group” is an alkylene in which at least a pair of adjacent methylenes are replaced with —C≡C—.

The term “aryl group” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “arylalkyl”, “arylalkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, means carbocyclic aromatic rings. The term “carbocyclic aromatic group” may be used interchangeably with the terms “aryl”, “aryl ring” “carbocyclic aromatic ring”, “aryl group” and “carbocyclic aromatic group”. An aryl group typically has 6-14 ring atoms. A “substituted aryl group” is substituted at any one or more substitutable ring atom. The term “C₆₋₁₄ aryl” as used herein means a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic carbocyclic ring system containing from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and includes phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, indenyl and the like.

The term “heteroaryl”, “heteroaromatic”, “heteroaryl ring”, “heteroaryl group” and “heteroaromatic group”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “heteroarylalkyl” or “heteroarylalkoxy”, refers to aromatic ring groups having five to fourteen ring atoms selected from carbon and at least one (typically 1-4, more typically 1 or 2) heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur). They include monocyclic rings and polycyclic rings in which a monocyclic heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more other carbocyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic rings. The term “5-14 membered heteroaryl” as used herein means a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system containing one or two aromatic rings and from 5 to 14 atoms of which, unless otherwise specified, one, two, three, four or five are heteroatoms independently selected from N, NH, N(C₁₋₆alkyl), O and S.

Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups, for example, for the heteroaryl groups represented by each of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³, include furanyl (e.g., 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl), imidazolyl (e.g., N-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl), isoxazolyl(e.g., 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl), oxadiazolyl (e.g., 2-oxadiazolyl, 5-oxadiazolyl), oxazolyl (e.g., 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl), pyrazolyl (e.g., 3-pyrazolyl, 4-pyrazolyl), pyrrolyl (e.g., 1-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl), pyridyl (e.g., 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl), pyrimidinyl (e.g., 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl), pyridazinyl (e.g., 3-pyridazinyl), thiazolyl (e.g., 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl), triazolyl (e.g., 2-triazolyl, 5-triazolyl), tetrazolyl (e.g., tetrazolyl) and thienyl (e.g., 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl. Examples of monocyclic six-membered nitrogen-containing heteraryl groups, for example, for the heteroaryl groups represented by each of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³, include pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl and pyridazinyl. Examples of polycyclic aromatic heteroaryl groups, for example, for the heteroaryl groups represented by each of R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³, include carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, acridinyl, or benzisoxazolyl.

Typically, the aryl and heteroaryl groups represented by each of R, R′, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ are C6-C14 aryl and 5-14 membered heteroaryl groups, respectively. Specific examples of the aryl and heteroaryl groups, including those represented by each of R, R′, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³ each independently include:

wherein each of rings A-Z5 is optionally and independently substituted. Suitable substituents for rings A-Z5 are as described above. In a specific embodiment, the aryl and heteroaryl groups, including those represented by each of R, R′, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³, include monocyclic rings A, B, E, F, G, H, I, N, O, V, and W, wherein each ring is optionally and independently substituted.

The aryl and heteroaryl groups, including those represented by each of R, R′, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³, can be optionally substituted. In certain embodiments, the aryl and heteroaryl groups are each independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₂₋₂₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₂₀ alkynyl, amino, C₁₋₂₀ alkylamino, C₁₋₂₀ dialkylamino, C₁₋₂₀ alkoxy, (C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy)C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, C₁₋₂₀ haloalkoxy, (C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy)C₁₋₂₀ alkyl and C₁₋₂₀ haloalkyl. More specific substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups, including those represented by each of R, R′, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁷, R¹⁰, R²¹, R²², R³⁰, R³², R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁵⁰, R⁵², Ar¹, Ar² and Ar³, include halogen, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, amino, C₁₋₁₀alkylamino, C₁₋₁₀ dialkylamino, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, (C₁₋₆ alkoxy)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, (C₁₋₆ haloalkoxy)C₁₋₁₀ alkyl and C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl. More specific substituents include C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, —OH, C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkyl, halogen, C₁₋₁₀ haloalkoxy, amino, nitro and cyano.

The term “non-aromatic heterocyclic group”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “non-aromatic heterocyclylalkyl group”, refers to non-aromatic ring systems typically having five to twelve members, preferably five to seven, in which one or more ring carbons, preferably one or two, are each replaced by a heteroatom such as N, O, or S. A non-aromatic heterocyclic group can be monocyclic or fused bicyclic. A “nitrogen-containing non-aromatic heterocyclic group” is a non-aromatic heterocyclic group with at least one nitrogen ring atom.

Examples of non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include (tetrahydrofuranyl (e.g., 2-tetrahydropyranyl, 3-tetrahydropyranyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl), [1,3]-dioxalanyl, [1,3]-dithiolanyl, [1,3]-dioxanyl, tetrahydrothienyl (e.g., 2-tetrahydrothienyl, 3-tetrahydrothieneyl), azetidinyl (e.g., N-azetidinyl, 1-azetidinyl, 2-azetidinyl), oxazolidinyl (e.g., N-oxazolidinyl, 2-oxazolidinyl, 4-oxazolidinyl, 5-oxazolidinyl), morpholinyl (e.g., N-morpholinyl, 2-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl), thiomorpholinyl (e.g., N-thiomorpholinyl, 2-thiomorpholinyl, 3-thiomorpholinyl), pyrrolidinyl (e.g., N-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl) piperazinyl (e.g., N-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl), piperidinyl (e.g., N-piperidinyl), 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-piperidinyl), thiazolidinyl (e.g., 4-thiazolidinyl), diazolonyl and N-substituted diazolonyl. The designation “N” on N-morpholinyl, N-thiomorpholinyl, N-pyrrolidinyl, N-piperazinyl, N-piperidinyl and the like indicates that the non-aromatic heterocyclic group is attached to the remainder of the molecule at the ring nitrogen atom.

The ceramide derivatives disclosed herein can be prepared by processes analogous to those established in the art, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,326; U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,911; U.S. Pat. No. 6,255,336; U.S. Pat. No. 7,148,251; U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,830; U.S. Pat. No. 6,835,831; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/932,370, filed May 31, 2007, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. It is noted that the definitions of terms provided herein prevail over those of the references incorporated herein by reference.

The ceramide derivatives disclosed herein or salts thereof can be administered by an appropriate route. Suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, orally, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intradermally, transdermally, rectally, sublingually, intravenously, buccally or via inhalation. Typically, the compounds are administered orally or intravenously.

As used herein a “subject” is a mammal, preferably a human, but can also be an animal in need of veterinary treatment, such as a companion animal (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), a farm animal (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) or a laboratory animal (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like). Subject and patient are used interchangeably.

“Treatment” or “treating” refers to both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment.

An effective amount of a disclosed ceramide derivative depends, in each case, upon several factors, e.g., the health, age, gender, size and condition of the subject to be treated, the intended mode of administration, and the capacity of the subject to incorporate the intended dosage form, among others. An effective amount of an active agent is an amount sufficient to have the desired effect for the condition being treated, which can either be treatment of an active disease state or prophylactically inhibiting the active disease state from appearing or progressing. For example, an effective amount of a compound for treating a polycystic kidney disease is the quantity of compound that results in a slowing in the progression of the polycystic kidney disease, a reversal of the polycystic kidney disease state, the inhibition of new cyst formation (partial or complete inhibition of cytogenesis), a reduction in cyst mass, a reduction in the size and number of cysts, and/or a reduction in the severity of the symptoms associated with the polycystic kidney disease.

Typically, the ceramide derivatives disclosed herein are administered for a sufficient period of time to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Effective amounts of the disclosed ceramide derivatives typically range between 0.001 mg/kg per day and 500 mg/kg per day, such as between 0.1 and 500 mg/kg body weight per day, between 0.1 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day or between 0.01 mg/kg per day and 50 mg/kg per day. The disclosed ceramide derivatives may be administered continuously or at specific timed intervals. For example, the ceramide derivatives may be administered 1, 2, 3, or 4 times per day, such as, e.g., a daily or twice-daily dosage regimen. Commercially available assays may be employed to determine optimal dose ranges and/or schedules for administration. For example, assays for measuring blood glucose levels are commercially available (e.g., OneTouch®□Ultra®, Lifescan, Inc. Milpitas, Calif.). Kits to measure human insulin levels are also commercially available (Linco Research, Inc. St. Charles, Mo.). Additionally, effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves obtained from animal models (see, e.g., Comuzzie et al., Obes. Res. 11 (1):75 (2003); Rubino et al., Ann. Surg. 240(2):389 (2004); Gill-Randall et al., Diabet. Med. 21 (7):759 (2004), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference). Therapeutically effective dosages achieved in one animal model can be converted for use in another animal, including humans, using conversion factors known in the art (see, e.g., Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Reports 50(4):219 (1996), the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference) and Table A below for equivalent surface area dosage factors.

From: Mouse Rat Monkey Dog Human (20 g) (150 g) (3.5 kg) (8 kg) (60 kg) To: Mouse 1 ½ ¼ ⅙ 1/12 To: Rat 2 1 ½ ¼ 1/7 To: Monkey 4 2 1 ⅗ ⅓ To: Dog 6 4 ⅗ 1 ½ To: Human 12 7 3 2 1

Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of the ceramide derivatives disclosed herein can be administered before or after a meal, or with a meal. As used herein, “before” or “after” a meal is typically within two hours, preferably within one hour, more preferably within thirty minutes, most preferably within ten minutes of commencing or finishing a meal, respectively.

In one embodiment, the method of the present invention is a mono-therapy where the disclosed ceramide derivatives are administered alone. Accordingly, in this embodiment, the ceramide derivative is the only pharmaceutically active ingredient being administered for the treatment PKD.

In another embodiment, the method of the invention is a co-therapy with other therapeutically active drug(s). The disclosed ceramide derivatives are co-administered either simultaneously as a single dosage form or consecutively as separate dosage forms with other agents that ease the symptoms and/or complications associated with PKD. The associated symptoms with PKD include pain, headaches, urinary tract infections and high blood pressure. Examples of the agents that can be co-administered with the compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, over-the counter pain medications, antibiotics, antimicrobials, thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists such as losartan, and calcium channel blockers such as diltiazem. Examples of pain medications include acetaminophen, aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen and COX-2 selective inhibitors such as rofecoxib, celecoxib and valdecoxib. Examples of antibiotics and antimicrobials include cephalosporins, penicilin derivatives, aminoglycosidesm ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, chloramphemicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, rifamycin, amphotericin B, griseofulvin, cephalothin, cefazolin, fluconazole, clindamycin, erythromycin, bacitracin, vancomycin and fusidic acid Examples of thiazide diuretics include bendroflumethiazide, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, methyclothiazide, metolazone, polythiazide, quinethazone and trichlormethiazide. Examples of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include benazepril, captopril, cilazapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, lisinopril, moexipril, perindopril, quinapril, ramipril and trandolapril.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosed ceramide derivatives optionally include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents therefor, such as lactose, starch, cellulose and dextrose. Other excipients, such as flavoring agents; sweeteners; and preservatives, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl parabens, can also be included. More complete listings of suitable excipients can be found in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (5^(th) Ed., Pharmaceutical Press (2005)).

The carriers, diluents and/or excipients are “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. The pharmaceutical compositions can conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and can be prepared by any suitable method known to the skilled artisan. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the compounds disclosed herein with the carriers, diluents and/or excipients and then, if necessary, dividing the product into unit dosages thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosed ceramide derivatives can be formulated as a tablet, sachet, slurry, food formulation, troche, capsule, elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or lozenge. A syrup formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the compounds of the invention described herein or salt in a liquid carrier, for example, ethanol, glycerine or water, with a flavoring or coloring agent. Where the composition is in the form of a tablet, one or more pharmaceutical carriers routinely used for preparing solid formulations can be employed. Examples of such carriers include magnesium stearate, starch, lactose and sucrose. Where the composition is in the form of a capsule, the use of routine encapsulation is generally suitable, for example, using the aforementioned carriers in a hard gelatin capsule shell. Where the composition is in the form of a soft gelatin shell capsule, pharmaceutical carriers routinely used for preparing dispersions or suspensions can be considered, for example, aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates or oils, and are incorporated in a soft gelatin capsule shell.

Though the above description is directed toward routes of oral administration of pharmaceutical compositions consistent with embodiments of the invention, it is understood by those skilled in the art that other modes of administration using vehicles or carriers conventionally employed and which are inert with respect to the compounds of the invention may be utilized for preparing and administering the pharmaceutical compositions. For example, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be formulated for rectal administration as a suppository or retention enema, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides. Also, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be formulated for injection, or for transdermal or transmucosal administration. Illustrative of various modes of administration methods, vehicles and carriers are those described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) ed. (1990), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The invention is illustrated by the following examples which are not intended to be limiting in any way.

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 Synthesis of Ceramide Derivatives: General Methods for the Preparation of Amide Analogs Example 1A Synthetic Route 1

Method 1

A mixture of Compound A (1 mmol), such as (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol, an acid (Compound B, 1.2 mmol), DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1.2 mmol) and HOBT (1-hydroxy benzotriazole, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC (thin liquid chromatography) for completion. After completion the mixture was filtered and purified by column chromatography using, for example, a mixture of (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/NH₄OH).

Method 2

A mixture of Compound A (1 mmol), such as (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol, an acid (Compound B, 1.2 mmol) and DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in CHCl₃ (5 ml). The mixture was placed in the microwave reactor (T=120° C., time=1 min) and it was then filtered and purified by column chromatography using, for example, a mixture of (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/NH₄OH).

Method 3

A mixture of Compound A (1 mmol), such as (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol, an acid chloride of Compound B, 1.2 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (2 mmol) was suspended in THF (5 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored by TLC for completion. After completion, the mixture was filtered and purified by column chromatography using, for example, a mixture of (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/NH₄OH).

Example 1B Synthetic Route 2

Compound A, such as (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propan-1-ol, was coupled with a variety of N-hydroxysuccinamide esters (Compound D prepared according to the method below) in methylene chloride under an atmosphere of nitrogen, for example, for 18 to 24 hours depending on the ester used.

Preparation of N-hydroxysuccinamide esters

Various mono- and di-keto acids were coupled with N-hydroxysuccinamide in the presence of N, N¹-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in ethyl acetate under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 18 hours. The products were filtered to remove the dicyclohexylurea. The identity of these esters was confirmed by ¹H NMR and the crude material was then used in the preparation of amide analogs without further purification.

Example 1C Preparation of Compound A of Schemes 1 and 2

(1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propan-1-ol was prepared by according to the preparation of intermediate 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,855,830, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. A general synthetic route for prepating Compound A with various —NR²R³ is depicted in Scheme 4 below.

Preparation of EII: (R)-benzyl 3,8,8,9,9-pentamethyl-4-oxo-2,7-dioxa-3-aza-8-siladecan-5-ylcarbamate

Imidazole (1.8 g, 26.5 mmol) was added to a solution of (R)-benzyl 3-hydroxy-1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (3 g, 10.6 mmol) in DMF (dimethyl formamide, 15 mL) followed by TBDMSiCl (tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride, 2.4 g, 15.95 mmol). The reaction stirred for 12 hrs at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere and was quenched with aqueous ammonium chloride (100 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted with methylene chloride (200 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL) and the organic layers were washed with brine and concentrated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using 10% EtOAc (ethylacetate)-hexanes to give an oil (3 g, 74% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=0 (s, 6H), 0.9 (s, 9H), 3.2 (s, 3H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.8-3.9 (m, 2H), 4.8 (broad s, 1H), 5.1 (q, 2H), 5.7 (d, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H).

Preparation of EIII: (R)-benzyl 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate

(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)magnesium bromide (26 g, 78 mmol) dissolved in 40 mL of THF (tetrahydrofuran) under a nitrogen atmosphere was cooled down to −70° C. and (R)-benzyl 3,8,8,9,9-pentamethyl-4-oxo-2,7-dioxa-3-aza-8-siladecan-5-ylcarbamate (12.3 g, 31 mmol) dissolved in THF (13 ml) were added dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to −15° C. and left to react for 12 hrs followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 hrs. After cooling the reaction mixture to −40° C. it was quenched using aqueous ammonium chloride and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The crude product was purified by column chromatography using 25% EtOAc-hexanes to give pure product (13 g, 88% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=0 (d, 6H), 0.9 (s, 9H), 4.0-4.2 (m, 2H), 4.4 (s, 2H), 4.5 (s, 2H), 5.2 (s, 2H), 5.4 (m, 1H), 6.1 (d, 1H), 7 (d, 1H), 7.4-7.7 (m, 7H).

Preparation of EIV: benzyl (1R,2R)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxypropan-2-ylcarbamate

(R)-benzyl 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate (3.1 g, 6.6 mmol) were dissolved in THF (25 ml) and cooled down to −70° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. L Selectride (13.2 ml of 1M solution in THF, 13 mmol) was added dropwise while keeping the temperature at −70° C. After 1 hour, the reaction was quenched with a 1M aqueous solution of potassium tartrate (13 ml) and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was evaporated down and the product was purified by column chromatography using 2.5% EtOAc-2% acetone-methylene chloride. The desired diastereomer was obtained in 80% yield (2.5 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=0 (d, 6H), 0.9 (s, 9H), 3.5 (broad s, 1H), 3.7-3.9 (m, 2H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.9 (broad s, 1H), 5.0 (d, 2H), 5.4 (d, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H).

Preparation of EV: benzyl (1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-ylcarbamate

Benzyl (1R,2R)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxypropan-2-ylcarbamate (0.5 g) was dissolved in a 4 ml mixture of Acetic acid/THF/water (3/1/1) and left to stir over night. The crude was evaporated down and the product azeotropically dried with EtOAc (10 ml). The crude product was purified by column chromatography using 50% EtOAc-hexane. The pure product was obtained in 74% yield (0.28 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=3.4-3.8 (m, 4H), 4.1 (broad s, 4H), 4.8 (s, 1H), 4.9 (broad s, 2H), 5.7 (broad s, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H).

General Procedure for Preparation of EVI and EVII

Benzyl (1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-ylcarbamate was dissolved in excess pyridine, cooled to −15° C. and one equivalent of methanosulfonyl chloride was added to the mixture. Mixture was stirred about half an hour, and ten equivalents of the amine were added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and then heated at 50° C. overnight. The crude was evaporated down and the product was purified by column chromatography using a mixture of methanol/methylene chloride/ammonium hydroxide. The pure compound EVI was then de-protected by hydrolysis in the microwave, using aqueous NaOH (40% in weight)/methanol solution as solvent and heating the mixture to 150° C. for about 15 minutes to give the free amines of the type EVI. The final product was purified by silica-gel column chromatography using a mixture of methanol/methylene chloride/ammonium hydroxide.

Examples of EVII Compounds i) (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-morpholinopropan-1-ol

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=2.3 (dd, 2H), 2.4 (dd, 2H), 2.5-2.6 (m, 2H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.6-3.7 (m, 4H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.4 (d, 1H), 6.5-6.9 (m, 3H); MS for C₁₅H₂₂N₂O₄ m/z 294.8 [M+H].

ii) (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.4 (broad s, 2H), 1.7 (m, 4H), 2.2-2.6 (m, 6H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.5 (s, 1H), 6.7-6.9 (m, 3H).

Example 1D Preparation of Substituted Phenoxy Propionic Acids for Compound B in Scheme 1 Example 1D1 Preparation of 3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionic acid i) 3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionitrile (1)

A 740 g (5.96 mol, 1 eq.) sample of 4-methoxyphenol was charged to a 3 necked 5 L flask under nitrogen. Triton B (50 mL of a 30% wt. solution in methanol) was charged to the flask, and stirring initiated via an overhead stirrer. Acrylonitrile (2365 mL, 35.76 mol, 6 eq.) was then charged to the reaction flask in a single portion, and the reaction mixture heated at 78° C. for 36 h. HPLC analysis indicated that the reaction was complete at this point. Solvents were removed via rotary evaporation, and the resulting oil was chased with toluene to remove excess acrylonitrile. The crude material was recrystallized from TBME (tert-butyl methyl ether) 10 volumes relative to the crude weight), and dried in a vacuum oven to give 945 g of 1 as white crystals (Yield: 89.48%). ¹H NMR (450 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=2.72 (t, 2H; CH₂CN); δ=3.83 (s, 3H; OCH₃); δ=4.05 (t, 2H; OCH₂); δ=6.70 (m, 4H; Ar—H); ¹³C NMR (112.5 MHz, CDCl₃): d=18.843 (CH₂CN); 55.902 (OCH₃); 63.699 (OCH₂); 114.947 (CH₃OCCH); 116.183 (CH₂OCCH); 117.716 (CN); 151.983 (CH₃OC); 154.775 (CH₂OC).

ii) 3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionic acid (2)

A 945 g (5.34 mol, 1 eq.) sample of 1 (3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propionitrile (1)) was charged to a 22 L round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer under N₂. To the stirred solids, 4 L of concentrated HCl was slowly added, followed by 2 L of H₂O. The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 3.5 h, at which point the reaction was complete by HPLC analysis. The reaction was cooled to 10° C. by the addition of ice to the reaction mixture, and was filtered. The dried solids gave 920 g of crude 2. The crude material was dissolved in 5 L of 6 wt. % sodium carbonate (such that pH=9), and 2 L of DCM (dichloromethane) was added to the reaction vessel. After stirring thoroughly, the organic layer was separated and discarded via a separatory funnel, and the aqueous layer charged back into the 22 L flask. The pH of the aqueous layer was carefully adjusted to 4.0, by slow addition of 6 M HCl. The precipitated solids were filtered, and dried in a vacuum oven to give 900 g of 2 as a white solid (Yield: 86.04%). ¹H NMR (450 MHz, CDCl₃); δ=2.78 (t, 2H; CH₂COOH); 3.70 (s, 3H; OCH₃); 4.18 (t, 2H; OCH₂); 6.78 (m, 4H; Ar—H); ¹³C NMR (112.5 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=34.703 (CH₂COOH); 55.925 (OCH₃); 64.088 (OCH₂); 114.855 (CH₃OCCH); 115.984 (CH₂OCCH); 152.723 (CH₃OC); 154.302 (CH₂OC); 177.386 (COOH).

Example 1D2 Preparation of 3-(4-(3-oxobutyl)phenoxy)propanoic acid

Step 1: a mixture of 4-(p-hydroxyphenol)-2-butanone (1.032 g), triton B (400 μL), acrylonitrile (4 mL) and MeOH (0.8 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 20 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was removed to dryness. 3-(4-(3-oxobutyl)phenoxy)propanenitrile was obtained as a white solid (0.572 g) after purification by column chromatography using ethyl acetate/hexane.

Step 2: 3-(4-(3-oxobutyl)phenoxy)propanenitrile (0.478 g) was suspended in HCl (37%, 5 mL) and placed in the microwave reactor (T=110° C., 5 min). The mixture was poured onto iced water (20 g), filtered, and the solid was washed with water (2×5 mL). After column chromatography purification using a mixture of methylene chloride/methanol, 3-(4-(3-oxobutyl)phenoxy)propanoic acid was obtained as a white solid (0.3 g). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 2.2 (s, 3H), 2.7 (t, 2H), 2.85 (m, 4H), 4.25 (t, 2H), 6.8 (d, 2H), 7.1 (d, 2H).

Example 1D3 Preparation of 3-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)propanoic acid

Step 1: a mixture of 4-(2-methoxy ethyl) phenol (1.547 g, 10.3 mmol), propiolic acid tert-butyl ester (1.367 g, 10.8 mmol) and N-methyl morpholine (1.18 mL, 10.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The mixture was absorbed on SiO₂ (20 g) and purified by column chromatography using a mixture of methylene chloride/hexane. The product was obtained as a two to one mixture of (E)/(Z)-tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)acrylate isomers (2.0 g).

Step 2: (E)/(Z)-tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)acrylate (0.57 g) was suspended in a mixture of THF (5 mL)/HCl (2 M, 5 mL) and placed in the microwave reactor (T=100° C., 15 sec). THF was removed by rotary evaporation and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). (E)/(Z)-3-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)acrylic acid was obtained as a white solid after purification by column chromatography using a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate.

Step 3: (E)/(Z)-3-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)acrylic acid (0.3 g) was dissolved in EtOH (10 mL) and Pd/C (5%, degussa type E101, 40 mg) was added. The mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 2 hours and then filtered and the solvent removed to dryness. After purification by column chromatography using a mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate, 3-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)propanoic acid was obtained as a white solid (0.236 g). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 2.85 (t, 4H), 3.35 (s, 3H), 3.55 (t, 2H), 4.25 (t, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 7.1 (d, 2H).

Example 1D4 Preparation of 3-(4-(3-methylbutanoyl)phenoxy)propanoic acid

Step 1: 3-phenoxypropionic acid (5.0 g, 30 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (12 mL) and H₂SO₄ (18 M, 3 drops) was added. The mixture was place in the microwave reactor (T: 140° C., t: 5 min). The solvent was evaporated, the mixture was partitioned in EtOAc (30 mL) and NaOH (2N, 20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to give methyl 3-phenoxypropanoate (5.0 g, 27.7 mmol, 92.5%).

Step 2: aluminum chloride (1.1 g, 8.34 mmol) was added to a cold solution (0° C.) solution of methyl 3-phenoxypropanoate (1.0 g, 5.56 mmol) and tert-butylacetyl chloride (1.25 mL, 8.34 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (9 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was evaporated and the residue was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and then washed with water (2×20 mL). The organic phase was removed and purified with silica chromatography using of a gradient hexanes/EtOAc (100:0→0:100) to give methyl 3-phenoxypropanoate (600 mg, 2.27 mmol, 40%).

Step 3: a solution of methyl 3-phenoxypropanoate (200 mg, 0.76 mmol) in 2 mL of HCl (37%) was placed in a microwave reactor (T: 120° C., t: 5 min). The mixture was poured into iced water (2 g) and washed with EtOH (3×10 mL). The organic phase was combined and evaporated. The crude product was purified with silica gel chromatography using of a gradient hexanes/EtOAc (100:0→0:100) to give 3-(4-(3-methylbutanoyl)phenoxy)propanoic acid (120 mg, 0.48 mmol, 63%).

Example E Preparation of Amide Analogs Example 1E1 Preparation of Hemi-Hydrate of Compound 163 N-[2-Hydroxy-2-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-ethyl]-3-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-propionamide

Compound 163 was prepared by following Scheme 1A above. 3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid (see Example 1D1, 34.47 g, 169 mmol, 96% purity by HPLC), DCC (34.78 g, 169 mmol) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (19.33, 169 mmol) were combined as dry powders and methylene chloride (500 mL) was added. The suspension was mechanically stirred overnight, ambient temperature, under a nitrogen atmosphere. HPLC analysis showed complete conversion of the acid to the NHS ester (N-hydroxy succinyl ester). To the mixture was added step 5 amine (50 g, 169 mmol) and stirring continued for 2.5 hours. HPLC showed conversion to the product and loss of both the NHS ester and step 5 amine. The reaction mixture was vacuum filtered on a Büchner funnel to remove DCC urea. The solid urea was washed with 500 mL of methylene chloride. The organic layers were combined, placed in a separatory funnel, and treated with 500 mL of 1.0M NaOH. The layers were separated, and the cloudy organic layer was recharged into a separatory funnel and treated with a 6% HCl solution (adjusted to pH=0.03-0.34, 100 mL of solution). Two clear layers formed. The resultant biphasic solution was poured into an Erlenmeyer flask and cautiously neutralized to a pH of 7.2-7.4 with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (approx 200 mL of solution). The organic layer was separated from the aqueous layer, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to yield 83.6 g of yellow oil (theoretical yield: 77.03 g). The oil was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (500 mL) with heating and transferred to a 1 L round bottom flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and heating mantel. The solution was heated to 50° C. and the mechanical stirrer was set to a rate of 53-64 rpm. Tartaric acid (25.33 g, 168 mmol) was dissolved in deionized water (50 mL) and added to the stirred solution at 50° C. Once the solution turned from milky white to clear, seed crystals were added to the mixture and crystallization immediately began (temperature jumped to 56° C.). After 20 minutes, the mixture was set to cool to a temperature of 35° C. (cooling took 1.15 hours). Heating was removed and the solution was allowed to stir for 12 hours. The resulting thick slurry was filtered on a Büchner funnel. Any remaining solid in the flask was washed onto the funnel using ice-cold isopropyl alcohol (100 mL). The material was transferred to a drying tray and heated to 48° C. under vacuum for 3 days (after two days the material weighed 76 g and after three days it weighed 69.3 g). The solid was analyzed by LC and shown to be 98.1% pure (AUC), the residual solvent analysis showed the material to possess 3472 ppm of isopropyl alcohol, and the DSC (differential scanning calorimetery) showed a melting point of 134.89° C. A total of 69.3 g of white solid was collected (65.7% overall yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.8 (M, 4H), 2.4-2.6 (m, 4H), 2.6 (m, 1H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.0 (m, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.8 (m, 2H), 3.86 (2, 2H), 4.18 (br s, 5H), 4.6 (s, 1H), 6.6-6.8 (m, 7H), 7.8 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₉H₄₀N₂O₁₃ m/z 457.3 [M+H] for main peak (free-base).

Example 1E2 Preparation of Compound 247: N-((1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyloxy)propanamide

Compound 247 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1 using (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol as the amine.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.3 (s, 3H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 4.1 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 5.05 (sd, 1H), 6.5 (br, 1H), 6.8 (m, 4H), 7.1 (d, 2H), 7.2 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₄ [M−H]⁻=413.

(1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol as the amine was prepared by the procedures described below:

A mixture of benzyl (1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-ylcarbamate (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol) and Pd/C (5%, 21 mg) in EtOH (1 mL)/HCl (1 M, 50 μL) was degassed and hydrogen gas was added. The mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for two hours. The mixture was filtered over celite and the solvent was removed to dryness. The product was obtained as a colorless oil (63.5 mg, 85% yield).

Example 1E3 Preparation of Compound 251: N-((1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide

Compound 251 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1 using (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol as the amine (see Example 1E1).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.55 (br, 4H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.5 (s, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 4.2 (m, 1H), 5.05 (sd, 1H), 5.8 (d, 1H), 6.8 (d, 2H), 7.1 (d, 2H), 7.2 (d, 2H), 7.55 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₃H₂₇F₃N₂O₃ [M−H]⁻=437.

Example 1E4 Preparation of Compound 5: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide

Compound 5 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.7 (br, 4H), 3.0 (m, 2H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.45 (m, 1H), 5.05 (sd, 1H), 6.6 (br, 1H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 7.4 (m, 2H), 7.7 (s, 1H), 7.85 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₄S [M−H]⁻=439.

Example 1E5 Preparation of Compound 11: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(phenylthio)acetamide

Compound 11 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.5 (br, 4H), 2.8 (br, 2H), 3.6 (q, 2H), 4.1.5 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 5.9 (sd, 1H), 6.7 (m, 2H), 6.8 (s, 1H), 7.2 (m, 7H). M/Z for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₄S [M−H]⁻=429.

Example 1E6 Preparation of Compound 12: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide

Compound 12 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.7 (br, 4H), 3.0 (m, 2H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.4 (br, 1H), 5.05 (sd, 1H), 6.6 (sd, 1H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 7.45 (m, 3H), 7.6 (m, 4H), 7.75 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₄ [M−H]⁻=459.

Example 1E7 Preparation of Compound 19: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)benzo[b]thiophene-5-carboxamide

Compound 19 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (d₆-dmso, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.6 (br, 4H), 2.4 (br, 5H), 2.65 (m, 1H), 4.15 (s, 4H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.75 (sd, 1H), 5.6 (br, 1H), 6.7 (m, 3H), 7.5 (sd, 1H), 7.7 (sd, 1H), 7.8 (sd, 1H), 7.85 (sd, 1H), 8.0 (sd, 1H), 8.2 (s, 1H). M/Z for C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₄S [M−H]⁻=439.

Example 1E8 Preparation of Compound 23: 2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Compound 23 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.5 (br, 4H), 2.8 (d, 2H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 4.2 (m, 5H), 4.85 (sd, 1H), 5.95 (br, 1H), 6.6 (m, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 7.2 (sd, 2H), 7.4 (m, 1H), 7.5 (st, 2H), 7.6 (m, 4H). M/Z for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₄ [M−H]⁻=473

Example 1E9 Preparation of Compound 24: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)acetamide

Compound 24 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.6 (br, 4H), 2.8 (sd, 2H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.85 (sd, 1H), 5.9 (br, 1H), 6.6 (m, 1H), 6.7 (s, 1H), 6.8 (m, 1H), 7.15 (m, 7H), 7.4 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=489.

Example 1E10 Preparation of Compound 25: (S)—N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanamide

Compound 25 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.65 (br, 7H), 3.1 (dd, 2H), 4.2 (m, 6H), 4.8 (sd, 1H), 6.6 (m, 1H), 6.8 (m, 3H), 7.3 (m, 5H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=427.

Example 1E11 Preparation of Compound 27: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-phenoxypropanamide

Compound 27 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.7 (br, 6H), 2.9 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 7H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.45 (m, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.85 (m, 3H), 6.95 (t, 1H), 7.2 (m, 3H). M/Z for C₂₄H30N₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=427.

Example 1E12 Preparation of Compound 31: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-oxo-2-phenylacetamide

Compound 31 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.8 (br, 4H), 3.0 (m, 2H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.3 (m, 1H), 5.05 (sd, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t, 2H), 7.6 (t, 1H) 8.2 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=411.

Example 1E13 Preparation of Compound 32: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(phenylthio)propanamide

Compound 32 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.4 (t, 2H), 2.7 (br, 4H), 2.8 (m, 2H), 3.1 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 5H), 4.9 (sd, 1H), 5.95 (br, 1H), 6.8 (m, 3H), 7.2 (m, 1H), 7.3 (m, 3H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₄S [M−H]⁻=443.

Example 1E14 Preparation of Compound 35: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl-2-o-tolylacetamide

Compound 35 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.1 (s, 3H), 2.5 (br, 4H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 3.5 (s, 2H), 4.1 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.8 (sd, 1H), 5.75 (br, 1H), 6.5 (d, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.75 (d, 1H), 7.1 (d, 1H), 7.2 (m, 3H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₄ [M−H]⁻=411.

Example 1E15 Preparation of Compound 36: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-m-tolylacetamide

Compound 36 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.5 (br, 4H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 4.1 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.85 (sd, 1H), 5.8 (br, 1H), 6.55 (d, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 6.9 (d, 2H), 7.1 (sd, 1H), 7.2 (m, 1H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₄ [M−H]⁻=411.

Example 1E16 Preparation of Compound 39: 2-(benzylthio)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Compound 39 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.7 (br, 4H), 2.9 (m, 2H), 3.0 (m, 2H), 3.3 (d, 1H), 3.55 (d, 1H), 4.2 (m, 5H), 5.05 (sd, 1H), 6.85 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.1 (sd, 2H), 7.3 (m, 3H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₄S [M−H]⁻=443.

Example 1E17 Preparation of Compound 47: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide

Compound 47 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.6 (br, 4H), 2.8 (sd, 2H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.85 (sd, 1H), 5.85 (br, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 7.25 (d, 3H), 7.4 (m, 1H), 7.6 (sd, 2H), 7.9 (sd, 1H), 8.6 (sd, 1H), 8.85 (s, 1H). M/Z for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₄ [M−H]⁻=474.

Example 1E18 Preparation of Compound 48: 2-(4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Compound 48 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.55 (br, 4H), 2.8 (sd, 2H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.85 (sd, 1H), 5.8 (br, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 7.2 (d, 2H), 7.4 (m, 2H), 7.55 (sd, 4H). M/Z for C₂₉H₃₁ClN₂O₄ [M−H]⁻=508.

Example 1E19 Preparation of Compound 51: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acetamide

Compound 51 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.55 (br, 4H), 2.8 (sd, 2H), 3.55 (s, 2H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.85 (sd, 1H), 5.8 (br, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 6.75 (m, 2H), 7.35 (d, 1H), 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.55 (sd, 1H). M/Z for C₂₄H₂₇F₃N2O₄ [M−H]⁻=465.

Example 1E20 Preparation of Compound 53: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl) acetamide

Compound 53 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.55 (br, 4H), 2.8 (sd, 2H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.85 (sd, 1H), 5.8 (br, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.8 (d, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H), 6.9 (d, 1H), 7.0 (t, 1H), 7.3 (sq, 1H). M/Z for C₂₃H₂₇FN₂O₄ [M−H]⁻=415.

Example 1E21 Preparation of Compound 54: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(3-methoxyphenoxy)propanamide

Compound 54 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 4.2 (m, 7H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.45 (m, 4H), 6.75 (s, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 7.2 (t, 1H). M/Z for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₆ [M−H]⁻=457.

Example 1E22 Preparation of Compound 55: 3-(2,5-dichlorophenoxy)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)propanamide

Compound 55 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.8 (m, 2H), 4.1 (m, 1H), 4.25 (m, 6H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.3 (br, 1H), 6.75 (s, 2H), 6.8 (s, 1H), 6.9 (m, 2H), 7.25 (m, 1H). M/Z for C₂₄H₂₈Cl₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=496.

Example 1E23 Preparation of Compound 57: 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)propanamide

Compound 57 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.8 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 7H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.3 (br, 1H), 6.8 (m, 5H), 7.2 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₂₉ClN₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=461.

Example 1E24 Preparation of Compound 58: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propanamide

Compound 58 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.8 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 7H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.4 (br, 1H), 6.8 (m, 5H), 7.0 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₂₉FN₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=445.

Example 1E25 Preparation of Compound 59: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyloxy)propanamide

Compound 59 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.3 (s, 3H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.8 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 7H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.45 (br, 1H), 6.75 (m, 4H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 7.1 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=441.

Example 1E26 Preparation of Compound 60: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(2-fluorophenoxy)propanamide

Compound 60 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 7H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.35 (br, 1H), 6.7 (s, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.05 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₂₉FN₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=445.

Example 1E27 Preparation of Compound 61: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanamide

Compound 61 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 4H), 2.65 (br, 6H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 4.1 (m, 2H), 4.2 (br, 5H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.45 (br, 1H), 6.8 (m, 7H). M/Z for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₆ [M−H]⁻=457.

Example 1E28 Preparation of Compound 188: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-ethylphenoxy)propanamide(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 188 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 mHz, ppm); 0.93 (t, 3H), 1.75 (br, 2H), 1.86 (br, 2H), 2.35 (q, 2H), 2.4 (br, 2H), 2.9 (br, 2H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 3.4 (br, 2H), 3.9 (br, 6H), 4.3 (br, 3H), 4.6 (br, 1H), 6.6 (m, 5H), 7.0 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₅.C₄H₆O₆ [M−H]⁻=454.

Example 1E29 Preparation of Compound 189: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-propionylphenoxy)propanamide(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 189 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 mHz, ppm); 0.93 (t, 3H), 1.75 (br, 2H), 1.86 (br, 2H), 2.45 (br, 2H), 2.8 (q, 2H), 2.9 (br, 2H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 3.4 (br, 2H), 3.9 (br, 6H), 4.3 (br, 3H), 4.6 (br, 1H), 6.5 (d, 1H), 6.5 (d, 2H), 6.7 (d, 2H), 7.7 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆ [M−H]⁻=483.

Example 1E30 Preparation of Compound 193: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-(3-oxobutyl)phenoxy)propanamide(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 193 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 2H), 1.86 (br, 2H), 1.94 (s, 3H), 2.45 (br, 2H), 2.6 (m, 4H), 2.9 (br, 2H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 3.4 (br, 2H), 3.9 (br, 6H), 4.3 (br, 3H), 4.6 (br, 1H), 6.6 (m, 5H), 7.0 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆ [M−H]⁻=497.

Example 1E31 Preparation of Compound 202: N-((1R,R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy)propanamide(2R,R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 202 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (br, 2H), 1.86 (br, 2H), 2.45 (br, 2H), 2.62 (t, 2H), 2.9 (br, 2H), 3.1 (s, 3H), 3.25 (m, 2H), 3.4 (br, 4H), 3.9 (br, 6H), 4.3 (br, 3H), 4.6 (br, 1H), 6.6 (m, 5H), 7.0 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆ [M−H]⁻=485.

Example 1E32 Preparation of Compound 63: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)acetamide

Compound 63 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (br, 4H), 2.5 (br, 4H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 3.5 (br, 2H), 3.9 (sd, 3H), 4.2 (m, 5H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 5.9 (br, 1H), 6.5-7.6 (m, 11H). M/Z for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅ [M−H]⁻=503.

Example 1E33 Preparation of Compound 127: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanamide

Compound 127 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.4 (t, 3H), 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.7 (br, 6H), 3.2 (m, 2H), 4.05 (q, 2H), 4.2 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 5H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.05 (br, 1H), 6.9 (m, 5H), 7.95 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₆ [M−H]⁻=483.

Example 1E34 Preparation of Compound 154: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanamide

Compound 154 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.8 (br, 4H), 2.7 (br, 6H), 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.45 (s, 3H), 3.9 (s, 3H), 4.2 (m, 5H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.05 (br, 1H), 6.9 (m, 5H), 7.95 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₆H₃₂N₂O₆ [M−H]⁻=469.

Example 1E35 Preparation of Compound 181: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-6-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-6-oxohexanamide

Compound 181 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.4 (d, 6H), 1.8 (br, 8H), 2.15 (br, 2H), 2.8 (br, 10H), 4.25 (m, 5H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.95 (sd, 1H), 6.05 (br, 1H), 6.9 (m, 5H), 7.95 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₆ [M−H]⁻=525.

Example 1E36 Preparation of Compound 191: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxopentanamide(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 191 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (D₂O, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.40 (br, 1H), 1.53 (br, 1H), 1.75 (br, 2H), 1.91 (br, 2H), 1.98 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H) 2.45 (m, 2H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 3.35 (dd, 2H), 3.4 (m, 2H), 3.68 (br, 5H), 3.77 (br, 2H), 4.3 (br, 3H), 4.68 (br, 1H), 6.47 (d, 1H), 6.65 (d, 2H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 7.63 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆ [M−H]=483

Example 1E37 Preparation of Compound 265: N-((1R,2R)-1-(benzo[δ][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-5-oxopentanamide(2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 265 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.30 (sd, 6H), 1.70-1.85 (m, 2H), 2.04 (br, 4H), 2.09-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.82 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.48 (m, 5H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.43 (br, 1H), 4.68 (m, 1H), 4.71 (sd, 1H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 6.66 (d, 1H), 6.82-6.95 (m, 4H), 7.84 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆: [M−H]⁻ 645.

Example 1E38 Preparation of Compound 267: N-((1R,2R)-1-(benzo[δ][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxohexanamide(2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 267 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.49 (br, 4H), 2.03 (br, 4H), 2.89 (t, 2H), 3.33-3.46 (m, 6H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.43 (d, 1H), 4.76 (br, 1H), 5.81 (s, 2H), 6.68 (d, 1H), 6.81 (d, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.96 (d, 2H), 7.92 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆: [M−H]⁻ 633.

Example 1E39 Preparation of Compound 268: N-((1R,2R)-1-(benzo[δ][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-7-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-7-oxoheptanamide(2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 268 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.15-1.18 (m, 2H), 1.30 (d, 6H), 1.40-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.65 (m, 2H), 2.03 (br, 4H), 2.12-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.88 (t, 2H), 3.33-3.48 (m, 5H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.42 (d, 1H), 4.67 (m, 1H), 4.78 (d, 1H), 5.83 (d, 2H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 6.82 (d, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 6.92 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 2H); MS for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆: [M−H]⁻ 675.

Example 1E40 Preparation of Compound 197: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)butanamide(2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 197 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.78-1.91 (m, 2H), 2.00 (br, 4H), 2.32 (t, 2H), 3.33-3.47 (m, 6H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.72 (t, 2H), 4.11 (br, 4H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.41 (d, 1H), 4.72 (d, 1H), 6.69-6.86 (m, 7H); MS for C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆: [M−H]⁻ 621.

Example 1E41 Preparation of Compound 187: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-(3-methylbutanoyl)phenoxy)propanamide(2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 187 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.95 (d, 6H), 2.00 (br, 4H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 2.66 (t, 2H), 2.78 (d, 2H), 3.34-3.44 (m, 5H), 4.12-4.17 (m, 6H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.45 (d, 1H), 4.73 (sd, 1H), 6.67 (d, 1H), 6.79 (d, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.93 (d, 2H), 7.91 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆: [M−H]⁻ 661.

Example 1E42 Preparation of Compound 83: 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Compound 83 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.76 (br, 4H), 2.63 (br, 4H), 2.78 (dd, 1H), 2.89 (dd, 1H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.27 (br, 1H), 4.36 (q, 2H), 4.94 (d, 1H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 6.77-6.82 (m, 4H), 6.86 (d, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H); MS for C₂₃H₂₇ClN₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 447.

Example 1E43 Preparation of Compound 87: 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Compound 87 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.78 (br, 4H), 2.67 (br, 4H), 2.79 (dd, 1H), 2.92 (dd, 1H), 4.25 (br, s, 5H), 4.35 (q, 2H), 4.95 (d, 1H), 6.71-6.84 (m, 5H), 7.01 (d, 1H), 7.34 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₃H₂₆Cl₂N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 482.

Example 1E44 Preparation of Compound 86: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl) acetamide

Compound 86 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.72 (br, 4H), 2.57 (br, 4H), 2.75-2.80 (m, 2H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 4.11-4.13 (m, 1H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 4.84 (d, 1H), 5.86 (d, 1H), 6.55 (dd, 1H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 6.80 (br, 1H), 6.85 (dd, 1H), 6.92 (dd, 1H), 6.98 (d, 1H), 7.14 (t, 1H), 7.28-7.36 (m, 2H); MS for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 489.

Example 1E45 Preparation of Compound 280: 2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Compound 280 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.80 (br, 4H, 2.68 (br, 4H), 2.84 (d, 2H), 3.45 (s, 2H), 4.17 (m, 1H), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.88 (d, 1H), 5.88 (d, 1H), 6.65 (d, 1H), 6.79 (d, 1H), 6.95 (m, 1H), 6.95 (t, 1H), 7.13 (q, 1H); MS for C₂₃H₂₆F₂N₂O₄: [M−H]⁻ 434.

Example 1E46 Preparation of Compound 103: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)acetamide

Compound 103 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.65 (br, 4H), 2.48 (br, 4H), 2.69 (d, 2H), 3.40 (s, 2H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 4.80 (s, 1H), 5.84 (t, 1H), 6.55 (d, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.70 (d, 1H), 7.10 (t, 3H); MS for C₂₄H₂₇F₃N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 481.

Example 1E47 Preparation of Compound 90: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(thiophen-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide

Compound 90 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.82 (br, 4H), 2.73-2.81 (m, 4H), 2.89-2.93 (m, 1H), 3.02-3.07 (m, 1H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 4.41 (br, 1H), 5.07 (s, 1H), 5.30 (d, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.83 (t, 2H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 7.12-7.14 (m, 2H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 7.52 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₃H₂₅N₃O₅S: [M−H]⁻ 456.

Example 1E48 Preparation of Compound 92: 3-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)propanamide

Compound 92 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.38 (t, 2H), 2.60 (br, 4H), 2.8 (m, 4H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.20 (br, 1H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.87 (s, 1H), 5.80 (d, 1H), 6.66 (d, 1H), 6.8 (m, 3H), 7.00 (d, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H); MS for C₂₅H₃₁ClN₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 475.

Example 1E49 Preparation of Compound 96: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propanamide

Compound 96 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.73 (br, 4H), 2.4 (m, 2H), 2.53 (m, 4H), 2.7 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.97 (m, 2H), 4.17 (br, 1H), 4.23 (s, 4H), 4.89 (s, 1H), 5.83 (br, 1H), 6.68 (d, 1H), 6.79 (d, 2H), 7.24 (d, 2H), 7.50 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₅H₂₉F₃N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 479.

Example 1E50 Preparation of Compound 101: 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)butanamide

Compound 101 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.10-2.15 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.67 (m, 4H), 2.79-2.83 (m, 2H), 3.02 (t, 2H), 4.18 (s, 4H), 4.26 (br, 1H), 4.92 (d, 1H), 6.12 (br, 1H), 6.75-6.81 (m, 2H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 7.37 (t, 1H), 7.45 (t, 1H), 7.85 (d, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₆H₃₁N₃O₄S: [M−H]⁻ 482.

Example 1E51 Preparation of Compound 102: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-6-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxine-6-sulfonamido)hexanamide

Compound 102 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.15-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.08 (q, 2H), 2.63-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.79 (d, 2H), 2.87 (t, 2H), 4.2 (m, 9H), 4.91 (br, 1H), 5.93 (br, 1H), 6.77 (q, 2H), 6.84 (s, 1H), 6.93 (d, 1H), 7.31 (d, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H); MS for C₂₉H₃₉N₃O₈S: [M−H]⁻ 590.

Example 1E52 Preparation of Compound 104: N-(5-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-ylamino)-5-oxopentyl)benzamide

Compound 104 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.47-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.15-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.65 (m, 4H), 2.81 (br, 2H), 3.30-3.42 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.23 (m, 5H), 4.94 (br, 1H), 5.98 (br, 1H), 6.76 (br, 1H), 6.78-6.86 (m, 3H), 7.40-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.80 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₇H₃₅N₃O₅: [M−H]⁻ 482.

Example 1E53 Preparation of Compound 281: N1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-N5-(thiazol-2-yl) glutaramide

Compound 281 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.74 (br, 4H), 1.97-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.68 (m, 5H), 2.88 (m 1H), 4.20 (s, 4H), 4.26-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.83 (d, 1H), 6.12 (br, 1H), 6.74-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H), 7.41 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₃H₃₀N₄O₅S: [M−H]⁻ 475.

Example 1E54 Preparation of Compound 282: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-oxopentanamide

Compound 282 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.76 (br, 4H), 1.92-2.00 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.65 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.95 (m, 4H), 3.93 (d, 6H), 4.17-4.23 (m, 5H), 4.90 (d, 1H), 5.96 (br, 1H), 6.75-6.79 (m, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.55 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₇: [M−H]⁻ 513.

Example 1E55 Preparation of Compound 283: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-oxo-5-p-tolylpentanamide

Compound 283 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.77 (br, 4H), 1.96-2.02 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.82-2.95 (m, 4H), 4.18-4.23 (m, 5H), 4.91 (d, 1H), 5.94 (br, 1H), 6.74-6.77 (m, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 7.26 (d, 2H), 7.81 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 467.

Example 1E56 Preparation of Compound 113: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-oxo-5-phenylpentanamide

Compound 113 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.76 (br, 4H), 1.95-2.01 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.63 (m, 4H), 2.78-2.95 (m, 4H), 4.17-4.22 (m, 5H), 4.91 (sd, 1H), 5.99 (br, 1H), 6.77 (st, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.58 (m, 3H), 7.92 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₆H₃₂N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 453.

Example 1E57 Preparation of Compound 284: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-5-oxopentanamide

Compound 284 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.36 (d, 6H), 1.75 (br, 4H), 1.90-2.02 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.86 (m, 4H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 4.22 (br, 1H), 4.62-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.89 (sd, 1H), 6.07 (d, 1H), 6.77 (s, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, 2H), 7.86 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₆: [M−H]⁻ 511.

Example 1E58 Preparation of Compound 140: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-6-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-6-oxohexanamide

Compound 140 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.61-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.16 (t, 2H), 2.32 (s, 6H), 2.61-2.67 (m, 4H), 2.74-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.91 (t, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 4.21 (br, 5H), 4.90 (sd, 1H), 5.93 (br, 1H), 6.75-6.82 (m, 2H), 6.85 (sd, 1H), 7.61 (s, 2H); MS for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₆: [M−H]⁻ 525.

Example 1E59 Preparation of Compound 141: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxohexanamide

Compound 141 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.62-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.76 (br, 4H), 2.17 (t, 2H), 2.61-2.65 (m, 4H), 2.72-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.89 (t, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.20 (br, 5H), 4.89 (d, 1H), 6.01 (br, 1H), 6.77 (q, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.91 (d, 2H), 7.90 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₆: [M−H]⁻ 497.

Example 1E60 Preparation of Compound 155: 6-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-6-oxohexanamide

Compound 155 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.34 (s, 9H), 1.63-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.17 (t, 2H), 2.64-2.66 (br, 4H), 2.75 (dd, 1H), 2.2.81 (dd, 1H), 2.91 (t, 2H), 4.20 (br, 5H), 4.90 (d, 1H), 6.02 (br, 1H), 6.77-6.82 (q, 2H), 6.85 (d, 1H), 7.46 (d, 2H), 7.86 (d, 2H); MS for C₃₁H₄₂N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 523.

Example 1E61 Preparation of Compound 156: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxoheptanamide

Compound 156 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.25-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.13 (t, 2H), 2.61-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.74-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.88 (t, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.20 (br, 5H), 4.90 (d, 1H), 5.93 (br, 1H), 6.78 (q, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 6.91 (d, 2H), 7.92 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₆: [M−H]⁻ 511.

Example 1E62 Preparation of Compound 144: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-oxooctanamide

Compound 144 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.25-1.33 (m, 4H), 1.54 (m, 2H), 1.68 (t, 2H), 1.78 (br, 4H), 2.11 (br, 2H), 2.65 (br, 4H), 2.76-2.11 (m, 4H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 4.21 (br, 5H), 4.90 (br, 1H), 6.02 (d, 1H), 6.78-6.84 (m, 3H), 6.91 (d, 2H), 7.92 (d, 2H); MS for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₆: [M−H]⁻ 525.

Example 1E63 Preparation of Compound 159: 7-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-7-oxoheptanamide

Compound 159 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.26-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.57 (m, 2H, 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.13 (t, 2H), 2.62-2.65 (m, 4H), 2.76-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.90 (t, 2H), 4.20 (br, 5H), 4.90 (d, 1H), 5.93 (d, 1H), 6.78 (q, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, 2H), 7.87 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₈H₃₅ClN₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 515.

Example 1E64 Preparation of Compound 160: 7-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-7-oxoheptanamide

Compound 160 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.27-1.34 (m, 11H), 1.56-1.71 (m, 4H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.13 (t, 2H), 2.63-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.76-2.819 (m, 2H), 2.91 (t, 2H), 4.20 (br, 5H), 4.90 (sd, 1H), 5.90 (d, 1H), 6.81 (q, 2H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, 2H), 7.88 (d, 2H); MS for C₃₂H₄₄N₂O₅: [M−H]⁻ 537.

Example 1E65 Preparation of Compound 168: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxoheptanamide(2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 168 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.15-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 2H), 2.02 (br, 4H), 2.09-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.90 (t, 2H), 3.35-3.49 (m, 5H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 4.12 (br, 4H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.43 (m, 1H), 4.74 (sd, 1H), 6.71 (d, 1H), 6.79 (dq, 1H), 6.86 (sd, 1H), 6.96 (d, 2H), 7.92 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₆.C₄H₆O₆: [M−H]⁻ 661.

Example 1E66 Preparation of Compound 162: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanamide

Compound 162 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.35 (d, 6H), 1.77 (br, 4H), 2.52-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.83 (m, 6H), 3.09-3.36 (m, 2H), 4.22 (br, 5H), 4.63-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.89 (sd, 1H), 6.13 (d, 1H), 6.78 (s, 2H), 6.88 (t, 3H), 7.90 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₆: [M−H]⁻ 497.

Example 1E67 Preparation of Compound 176: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-oxo-4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)butanamide(2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate

Compound 176 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ2.08 (br, 4H), 2.54-2.72 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.48 (m, 6H), 4.19 (s, 4H), 4.29 (m, 4H), 4.74 (sd, 1H), 6.76 (d, 1H), 6.86 (d, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, 2H), 8.13 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₆H₂₉F₃N₂O₅.C₄H₆O₆: [M−H]⁻ 657.

Example 1E68 Preparation of Compound 65 (Genz-528152-1): 2-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide

Compound 65 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 1.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.70 (br, 4H), 2.54 (br, 4H), 2.72-2.81 (m, 2H), 3.53 (s, 2H), 4.12-4.23 (m, 5H), 4.85 (d, 1H), 5.82 (d, 1H), 6.58 (dd, 1H), 6.70 (sd, 1H), 6.73 (d, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.32-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.38 (t, 1H), 7.46-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, 2H), 7.59 (d, 1H); C₂₉H₃₁ClN₂O₄: [M−H]⁻ 507.

Example 1E69 Preparation of Compound 262: N-[2-Hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-ethyl]-3-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-propionamide

Compound 262 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 2.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (m, 4H), 2.55 (m, 2H), 2.65 (m, 4H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.8 (s, 6H), 4.1 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 5.0 (d, 1H), 6.5 (br. d, 1H), 6.8 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 4H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁺ 429

Example 1E70 Preparation of Compound 270: 5-(4-Isopropoxy-phenyl)-5-oxo-pentanoic acid[2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-ethyl]amide

Compound 270 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 2.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 1.4 (d, 6H), 1.8 (m, 4H), 2.0 (m, 2H), 2.2 (m, 2H), 2.6 (m, 4H), 2.8 (m, 4H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 5.0 (d, 1H), 5.95 (br. d, 1H), 6.85 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.9 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁺483.3

Example 1E71 Preparation of Compound 285: 7-(4-Methoxy-phenyl-7-oxo-heptanoic acid[2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-ethyl]-amide

Compound 285 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 2.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 1.25 (m, 2H), 1.6 (m, 4H), 1.8 (m, 4H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 2.65 (m, 4H), 2.85 (m, 4H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.9 (s, 3H), 4.2 (m, 1H), 5.0 (d, 1H), 5.9 (br. d, 1H), 6.85 (d, 2H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 7.2 (d, 2H), 7.95 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁺ 483.3

Example 1E72 Preparation of Compound 262: N-[2-Hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-ethyl]-3-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-propionamide

Compound 262 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 2.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 1.75 (m, 4H), 2.55 (m, 2H), 2.65 (m, 4H), 2.85 (m, 2H), 3.8 (s, 6H), 4.1 (m, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 5.0 (d, 1H), 6.5 (br. d, 1H), 6.8 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 4H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁺ 429

Example 1E73 Preparation of Compound 270: 5-(4-Isopropoxy-phenyl)-5-oxo-pentanoic acid[2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl-ethyl]amide

Compound 270 was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 2.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 1.4 (d, 6H), 1.8 (m, 4H), 2.0 (m, 2H), 2.2 (m, 2H), 2.6 (m, 4H), 2.8 (m, 4H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 5.0 (d, 1H), 5.95 (br. d, 1H), 6.85 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 2H), 7.9 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁺483.3

Example 1E74 Preparation of Compound 305

Compound 305 characterized by the following structural formula was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 2.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 1.25 (m, 14H), 1.6 (m, 4H), 1.8 (m, 4H), 2.1 (t, 2H), 2.6 (t, 2H), 2.8 (m, 6H), 4.2 (m, 5H), 4.9 (d, 1H), 6.0 (br d, 1H), 6.8 (m, 3H), 7.2 (m, 1H), 7.5 (m, 1H), 8.4 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁺ 538

Example 1E75 Preparation of Compound 320: Octanoic acid [2-hydroxy-2(4-methoxy-phenyl)-1-Pyrrolidin1-ylmethyl-ethyl]-amide

Compound 320 characterized by the following structural formula was prepared in a similar manner as described above, following Scheme 2.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 0.9 (t, 3H), 1.2 (m, 8H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.8 (m, 4H), 2.1 (t, 2H), 2.65 (m, 4H), 2.8 (d, 2H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 4.2 (m, 1H), 4.95 (d, 1H), 5.9 (br d, 1H), 6.9 (2 s, 2H), 7.25 (m, 2H). M/Z for C₂₂H₃₆N₂O₃ [M−H]⁺ 377.4

Example 1E76 Preparation of Cyclic Amide Analogs

Cyclic amide analogs were prepared according to Scheme 6. 2-Amino-1-(2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propan-1-ol was prepared according to the preparation of intermediate 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,830 B2. This amine was coupled with various nitriles in potassium carbonate and glycerol, under an atmosphere of nitrogen, for example, at 115° C. for 18 hours. Compound 323 characterized by the following structural formula was prepared by following Scheme 6. Compound 323 was purified by column chromatography using a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃ 400 mHz, ppm); 0.95 (t, 3H), 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.6 (m, 2H), 1.8 (m, 4H), 2.7 (m, 6H), 2.8 (m, 2H), 4.2 (m, 5H), 5.4 (d, 1H), 6.85 (m, 3H), 7.2 (m, 2H), 7.9 (d, 2H). M/Z for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ [M−H]⁺ 421.54

Example 2 Synthesis of Ceramide Derivatives: Preparation of Carbamate Analogs Example 2A1 Preparation of (R)-benzyl 4-formyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate

Steps 1-2: preparation of (R)-benzyl 4-(methoxy(methyl)carbamoyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate: N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (45 g, 0.46 mmol, 1.5 eq) and N-methyl morpholine (84 mL, 0.765 mol, 2.5 eq.) were added slowly to a cold (−15° C.) suspension of d-CBz serine (73.0 g, 0.305 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (560 mL) keeping the temperature below −5° C. The mixture was cooled back to ˜−15° C. and EDCI (62 g, 0.323 mol, 1.05 eq) was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 hours keeping the temperature below 5° C. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and the mixture was partitioned between HCl (1 M, 300 mL) and EtOAc (500 mL). The organic layer was separated and washed with HCl (1 M, 2×100 mL) and then sat. NaHCO₃ (2×150 mL). The mixture was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and then the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. (R)-benzyl 3-hydroxy-1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylcarbamate was re-dissolved in a mixture of acetone (375 mL) and 2,2-dimethoxy propane (375 mL) and boron trifluoride ethereate (3 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours and then triethyl amine (3 mL) was added. The solvent was removed to dryness and (R)-benzyl 4-(methoxy(methyl)carbamoyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate was obtained as a white solid (73.0 g, 74% yield from both steps) after purification by column chromatography using a mixture of hexane/EtOAc/acetone.

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.5 (s, 2H), 1.6 (s, 3H), 1.7 (s, 2H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 3.24 (2H), 3.4 (3H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 4.0 (m, 1.7H), 4.16 (m, 1H), 4.2 (m, 1.7), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.88 (m, 0.6H), 5.06 (q, 2H), 5.18 (q, 1H), 7.4 (m, 8H).

Step 3: preparation of (R)-benzyl 4-formyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate:

A solution of LiALH₄ (1 M, 20 mL, 20 mmol) was added dropwise to a cold (−15° C.) solution of (R)-benzyl 4-(methoxy(methyl)carbamoyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate (12.2 g, 37.9 mmol) in THF (75 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min keeping the temperature below 0° C. A saturated solution of KHSO₄ (100 mL) was added slowly to the mixture and it was warmed to room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed to dryness. (R)-benzyl 4-formyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate was obtained as a clear oil (9.161 g, 92% yield) after purification by column chromatography (SiO₂, using a mixture of hexane/EtOAc).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 mHz, ppm); 1.7 (m, 6H), 4.15 (m, 2H), 4.4 (m, 1H), 5.15, (s, 1H), 5.2 (m, 1H), 7.3 (m, 5H), 9.6 (m, 1H).

Example 2A2 Preparation of (R)-benzyl 4-((R)-hydroxy(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate

1,2-dibromoethane (0.2 mL) was added slowly to a hot (65° C.) solution of magnesium turnings (0.91 g, 37 mmol) in THF (14 mL), followed by the dropwise addition of a solution of 4-bromo anisole (4 mL, 32 mmol) in THF (14 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 2 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The grignard solution was added dropwise to a suspension of CuI (6.8 g, 36 mmol) in a mixture of Me₂S (20 mL)/THF (100 mL) at −78° C. The mixture was warmed slowly to −45° C. and stirred for 30 min keeping the temperature between −45 to −35° C. The mixture was cooled back to −78° C., and a solution of the Garner's aldehyde [(R)-benzyl 4-formyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate] (3.20 g, 12.6 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at low temperature overnight (15 h, T max=10° C.). The reaction mixture was quenched with NH₄Cl (sat. 100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The solvent was removed to dryness and the mixture was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, using a mixture of hexane/EtOAc/acetone) and the product was obtained as a colorless oil (1.697 g, 36% yield).

Example 2A3 Preparation of benzyl (1R,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-ylcarbamate

A mixture of benzyl 4-(hydroxy-(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine-3-carboxylate (1.679 g, 4.5 mmol) and amberlyst 15 (1.85 g) in MeOH (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The mixture was centrifuged and the solid was washed with MeOH (2×40 mL). The solvent was removed to dryness and after purification by column chromatography (SiO₂ using a mixture of CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc) the product was obtained as a white solid (1.26 g, 84% yield).

Example 2A4 Synthesis of Compound 289: benzyl (1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-ylcarbamate

Mesityl chloride (0.28 mL, 3.6 mmol) was added slowly to a cold (−10° C.) solution of benzyl (1R,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-ylcarbamate (1.07 g, 3.23 mmol) in pyridine (1.5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 min and then pyrrolidine (2.7 mL, 33 mmol) was added slowly to the mixture. The mixture was heated to 45° C. for 6 hours and then the solvent was removed to dryness. After purification by column chromatography (SiO₂, using a mixture of CH₂Cl₂, MeOH, NH₄OH), the product was obtained as a clear oil (0.816 g, 66% yield).

Example 3 Synthesis of Ceramide Derivatives: General Procedures for the Synthesis of Urea Analogs

(1R,2R)-2-amino-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4[dioxin-6-yl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl) propan-1-ol, prepared according to the preparation of intermediate 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,830 (the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference), was dissolved in methylene chloride and activated 5 Å molecular sieves were added to the solution, followed by addition of the particular isocyanate (R⁴NO). Reaction times varied depending on the isocyanate substitution from one to twelve hours. Compounds 6, 7, 10, 17, 40, 41, 42, 43, 68, 69, 70, 71, 80, 81, 82, 133, 257, 261, 286 and 287, shown in Examples 3A1-3A21 below, were prepared following reaction Scheme 5. The compounds were purified by column chromatography.

Example 3A1 Preparation of Compound 6: 1-benzyl-3-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.6 (m, 5H), 2.6-2.7 (dd, 1H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.3 (m, 2H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 4.86 (d, 1H), 5.0 (br, 1H), 6.6-6.9 (m, 3H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H); MS for C₂₃H₂₉N₃O₄ m/z 412.2 [M+H]

Example 3A2 Preparation of Compound 17: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-fluorobenzyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.6 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.6 (m, 6H), 3.9 (m, 1H), 4.0-4.1 (m, 2H), 4.13 (s, 4H), 4.7 (d, 1H), 5.4 (d, 1H), 6.6-7.1 (m, 7H); MS for C₂₃H₂₈FN₃O₄ m/z 430.2 [M+H].

Example 3A3 Preparation of Compound 40: 1-(4-bromobenzyl)-3-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.8 (m, 6H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.1-4.2 (m, 2H) 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 5.3 (d, 1H), 5.6-5.8 (br, 1H), 6.8-7.0 (m, 3H), 7.0 (d, 2H), 7.4 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₃H₂₈BrN₃O₄ m/z 490 [M], 491 [M+H], 492 [M+2].

Example 3A4 Preparation of Compound 41: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.6 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.6 (m, 6H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.9 (m, 1H), 4.1 (d, 2H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.7 (d, 1H), 5.2 (d, 1H), 5.5-5.7 (br, 1H), 6.6-6.8 (m, 5H), 7.1 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₄H₃₁N₃O₅ m/z 442.2 [M+H]

Example 3A5 Preparation of Compound 80: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(3-methoxybenzyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.6 (m, 6H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.1-4.2 (s, 6H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 5.1 (d, 1H), 5.2-5.4 (br, 1H), 6.6-6.8 (m, 6H), 7.2 (dd, 1H); MS for C₂₄H₃₁N₃O₅ m/z 442.2 [M+H]

Example 3A6 Preparation of Compound 42: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-methylbenzyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.6 (s, 4H), 2.3 (s, 3H), 2.4-2.6 (m, 6H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.2 (d, 2H), 4.21 (s, 4H), 4.7 (d, 1H), 5.2 (d, 1H), 5.4-5.6 (br, 1H), 6.7-7.1 (m, 7H); MS (for C₂₄H₃₁N₃O₄ m/z 426.2 [M+H]

Example 3A7 Preparation of Compound 43: 1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.5-2.7 (m, 6H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 6H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 5.2 (d, 1H), 5.4-5.5 (br, 1H), 6.7-6.9 (m, 3H), 7.1 (d, 2H), 7.3 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₃H₂₈N₃ClO₄ m/z 446 [M+H], 447.5 [M+2].

Example 3A8 Preparation of Compound 10: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-((S)-1-phenylethyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.4 (d, 3H), 1.6 (s, 4H), 2.2-2.5 (m, 4H), 2.5 (dd, 1H), 2.6 (dd, 1H), 3.9 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.5 (m, 1H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 5.0 (d, 1H), 5.1-5.3 (br, 1H), 6.6-6.9 (m, 3H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H); MS for C₂₄H₃₁N₃O₄ m/z 426.2 [M+H].

Example 3A9 Preparation of Compound 286: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-((R)-1-phenylethyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.3 (d, 3H), 1.7 (s, 4H), 2.2-2.6 (m, 6H), 3.9 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.6-4.7 (m, 2H), 5.3 (d, 1H), 5.6-5.7 (br, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 6.7 (d, 1H), 6.8 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H); MS for C₂₄H₃₁N₃O₄ m/z 426.0 [M+H].

Example 3A10 Preparation of Compound 69: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.6 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.8 (m, 6H), 4.1 (s, 5H), 4.8 (s, 1H), 6.0 (d, 1H), 6.7 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.1-7.8 (m, 7H); MS for C₂₆H₂₉N₃O₄ m/z 448.1 [M+H].

Example 3A11 Preparation of Compound 288: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(naphthalen-1-yl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.6 (s, 4H), 2.4 (s, 4H), 2.6 (d, 2H), 4.1 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 5.4 (d, 1H), 6.5 (d, 1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 6.7 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.6 (m, 3H), 7.7 (d, 1H), 7.8 (d, 1H), 8.0 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₆H₂₉N₃O₄ m/z 448.1 [M+H].

Example 3A12 Preparation of Compound 71: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-((S)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.4 (s, 4H), 1.5 (d, 3H), 2.3 (s, 4H), 2.4 (dd, 1H), 2.6 (dd, 1H), 3.9 (br, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.7 (s, 1H), 5.0 (d, 1H), 5.3 (br, 1H), 5.5 (br, 1H), 6.6 (m, 3H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 4H), 7.7 (d, 1H), 7.8 (d, 1H), 8.1 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₈H₃₃N₃O₄ m/z 476.2 [M+H].

Example 3A13 Preparation of Compound 70: 1-(biphenyl-4-yl)-3-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.6-2.8 (m, 6H), 4.1 (br, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.9 (br, 1H), 5.9 (d, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.6 (m, 9H); for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₄ m/z 474.1 [M+H].

Example 3A14 Preparation of Compound 81: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.7 (m, 6H), 4.0 (br, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.8 (br, 1H), 5.9 (br, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.3 (d, 2H), 7.5 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₃H₂₆F₃N₃O₄ m/z 465.97 [M+H].

Example 3A15 Preparation of Compound 68: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.5-2.9 (m, 6H), 4.0 (br, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.8 (br, 1H), 5.9 (br, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.2-7.6 (m, 4H); MS for C₂₃H₂₆F₃N₃O₄ m/z 466.0 [M+H].

Example 3A16 Preparation of Compound 82: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.7 (m, 6H), 4.0 (br, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.8 (br, 1H), 5.9 (br, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.0 (d, 2H), 7.2 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₃H₂₆F₃N₃O₅ m/z 481.5 [M], 482.5 [M+H].

Example 3A17 Preparation of Compound 133: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)phenyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.4-2.7 (m, 6H), 2.7 (s, 3H), 4.1 (br, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.8 (br, 1H), 5.9 (d, 1H), 6.8 (s, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H), 7.2 (s, 1H), 7.3 (d, 2H), 7.7 (d, 2H); MS for C₂₆H₃₀N₄O₄S m/z 494.9 [M+H].

Example 3A18 Preparation of Compound 7: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-dodecylurea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=0.9 (t, 3H), 1.3 (br, 18H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.8 (s, 4H), 2.5-2.7 (m, 6H), 3.1 (q, 2H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.3 (s, 4H), 4.4 (br, 1H), 4.76 (d, 1H), 4.8 (d, 1H), 6.7-6.8 (dd, 2H), 6.9 (s, 1H); MS for C₂₈H₄₇N₃O4 m/z 489.7 [M+H], 490.9 [M+2].

Example 3A19 Preparation of Compound 287: 1-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)urea

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.7 (s, 4H), 2.5-2.7 (m, 6H), 3.0 (t, 2H), 3.8 (q, 2H), 4.0 (m, 1H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.8 (d, 2H), 4.9 (d, 1H), 6.7-6.8 (m, 3H), 6.9 (d, 1H), 6.9 (dd-1H), 7.1 (d, 1H); MS for C₂₂H₂₉N₃O4S m/z 432.1 [M+H].

Example 3A20 Preparation of Compound 257: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-morpholinopropan-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanamide

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=2.4-2.6 (m, 7H), 2.7 (dd, 1H), 3.5-3.7 (m, 4H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 4-4.2 (m, 2H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.2-4.3 (m, 1H), 4.9 (d, 1H), 6.5 (d, 1H), 6.7-6.9 (m, 7H); MS for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₇ m/z 473.1 [M+H].

Example 3A21 Preparation of Compound 261: N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[β][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)-3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanamide

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ=1.4 (br, 2H), 1.6 (br, 4H), 2.2-2.8 (m, 6H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 4.0-4.2 (m, 2H), 4.2 (s, 4H), 4.2-4.3 (m, 1H), 4.9 (s, 1H), 6.4 (d, 1H), 6.7-6.9 (m, 7H); MS for C₂₅H₃₄N₂O₆ m/z 471.1 [M+H].

Example 4 Compound A (N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)nonanamide) Effectively Inhibited PKD in a Mouse Model

Design:

jck mice was administered Compound A ad libitum in feed (0.225% Compound A mixed with a standard diet chow in powdered format) from 26-64 days of age. Control jck mice were fed a control powdered diet from 26-64 days of age. At 63 days of age, animals were transferred to metabolic cages for 24 hour urine collection. At 64 days of age, animals were sacrificed by CO₂ administration. Blood was collected by heart puncture for serum isolation. Kidneys were isolated and bisected; half of each kidney was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS overnight for paraffin embedding and H&E staining.

Results:

Results are summarized in table 1 and discussed below.

TABLE 1 Summary of results, 0.225% Compound A in feed, 26-64 days of age No of Dose Body K/BW Cystic BUN animals Gender (mg/kg) weight (g) ratio (%) volume (% BW) (mg/dL) 9 M Vehicle 22.03 ± 1.58  7.55 ± 1.65  2.86 ± 1.04  90.11 ± 10.02 9 M Treated 18.43 ± 1.82* 4.46 ± 0.46* 0.88 ± 0.23*  39.25 ± 10.70* 10 F Vehicle 19.20 ± 1.80  4.94 ± 0.73  1.22 ± 0.41  50.50 ± 14.32 10 F Treated 15.93 ± 1.65* 3.57 ± 0.58* 0.58 ± 0.29* 34.67 ± 9.41* *p < 0.05% compared to control (2-tailed t-test)

Kidney and Body Weights

Total body weight and kidney weight were determined at sacrifice. A statistically significant decrease in total body weight was noted (p-value <0.05, two-tailed t-test). A significant difference in kidney weight/body weight ratio was also observed (p-value <0.05, two-tailed t-test) for the treated animals, suggesting efficacy of the drug.

Cyst Volume:

Cyst volume was measured by quantitating the percentage of cystic area in histological sections of kidneys from the treated and control animals, multiplied by the kidney/body weight ratio. A significant decrease in cyst volume was observed (p-value <0.05, two-tailed t-test) for the treated animals.

Kidney Function:

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were determined in serum samples derived from animals at sacrifice. BUN levels were elevated in the untreated controls, while the treated animals demonstrated a significant reduction of BUN levels (p-value <0.05, two-tailed t-test).

CONCLUSION

Administration of Compound A in feed at 0.225% resulted in a statistically significant reduction of cystic disease, as measured by kidney/body weight ratio and cyst volume. This was accompanied by improved renal function in treated animals relative to controls. These improvements were observed in both males and females. Therefore, these results demonstrate that glucosylceramide synthase inhibition is an effective strategy to treat polycystic kidney disease.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

1. A method of treating polycystic kidney disease in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by the following structural formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; Y is —H, a hydrolyzable group, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; R² and R³ are each independently —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or R² and R³ taken together with the nitrogen atom of N(R²R³) form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclic ring; X is a covalent bond; —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m)—; —(CR⁵R⁶)_(n)-Q-; —O—; —S—; or —NR⁷—; Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —NR⁸—, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)—, —SO₃—, —SO—, —S(O)₂—, —SO₂NR⁸—, or —NR⁸SO₂—; When X is —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m), R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂ or a halogen; or When X is other than —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m), R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; and R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H, —OH, —SH, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkylthio group, or a substituted or unsubstituted lower aliphatic group; each R⁷ is independently —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or R⁷ and R⁴ taken together with the nitrogen atom of NR⁷R⁴ form a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group; each R⁸ is independently —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15; and m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or
 5. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R¹ is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which optionally and independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, Ar¹, —OR³⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR³⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —NCS, —N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹C(O)R³⁰, —NR³¹C(O)OR³², —N(R³¹)C(O)N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)R³⁰, —C(S)R³⁰, —C(O)OR³⁰, —OC(O)R³⁰, —C(O)N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)₂R³⁰, —SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)R³², —SO₃R³², —NR³¹SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹SO₂R³², —V_(o)—Ar¹, —V_(o)—OR³⁰, —V_(o)—O(haloalkyl), —V_(o)—SR³⁰, —V_(o)—NO₂, —V_(o)—CN, —V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—NR³¹C(O)R³⁰, —V_(o)—NR³¹CO₂R³², —V_(o)—N(R³¹)C(O)N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—C(O)R³⁰, —V_(o)—C(S)R³⁰, —V_(o)—CO₂R³⁰, —V_(o)—OC(O)R³⁰, —V_(o)—C(O)N(R³¹)₂—, —V_(o)—S(O)₂R³², —V_(o)—SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—S(O)R³², —V_(o)—SO₃R³², —V_(o)—NR³¹SO₂N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—NR³¹SO₂R³², —O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹C(O)— V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹C(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(O)—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(S)—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —C(S)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(O)O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—C(O)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —C(O)N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —C(O)N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S(O)₂—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)₂—V_(o)—Ar¹, —SO₂N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —SO₂N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S(O)—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S(O)₂—O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S(O)₂—O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —NR³¹SO₂—V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —NR³¹SO₂—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p)—S— and —[CH₂]_(q)—; each V_(o) is independently a C1-C10 alkylene group; each V₁ is independently a C2-C10 alkylene group; Ar¹ is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; and each R³⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; or iii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; and each R³¹ is independently R³⁰, —CO₂R³⁰, —SO₂R³⁰ or —C(O)R³⁰; or —N(R³¹)₂ taken together is a non-aromatic heterocyclic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, (C1-C6 alkyl)amino and (C1-C6 dialkyl)amino; and each R³² is independently: i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkoxy and haloalkyl; or ii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkoxy and haloalkyl; and each p is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4; and each q is independently 3, 4, 5 or
 6. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: Y is —H, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR or —C(O)NRR′; and R and R′ are each independently —H; a C1-C6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, aryl and heteroaryl; or an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each independently and optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, C1-C6 aliphatic group and C1-C6 haloaliphatic group; or R and R′ taken together with the nitrogen atom of NRR′ form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of: halogen; —OH; —CN; —NCS; —NO₂; —NH₂; C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 haloalkoxy; C1-C6 aliphatic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, aryl and heteroaryl; and an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂, —NH₂, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 aliphatic group and C1-C6 haloaliphatic group.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein: —N(R²R³) is a 5- or 6-membered non-aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, —OR⁴⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁴⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —N(R⁴¹)₂, —NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴⁰, —NR⁴¹C(O)OR⁴², —N(R⁴¹)C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂, —C(O)R⁴⁰, —C(S)R⁴⁰, —C(O)OR⁴⁰, —OC(O)R⁴⁰, —C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂, —S(O)₂R⁴², —SO₂N(R⁴¹)₂, —S(O)R⁴², —SO₃R⁴², Ar², V₂—Ar², —V₂—OR⁴⁰, —V₂—O(haloalkyl), —V₂—SR⁴⁰, —V₂—NO₂, —V₂—CN, —V₂—N(R⁴¹)₂, —V₂—NR⁴¹C(O)R⁴⁰, —V₂—NR⁴¹CO₂R⁴², —V₂—N(R⁴¹)C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂, —V₂—C(O)R⁴⁰, —V₂—C(S)R⁴⁰, —V₂—CO₂R⁴⁰, —V₂—OC(O)R⁴⁰, —V₂—C(O)N(R⁴¹)₂—, —V₂—S(O)₂R⁴², —V₂—SO₂N(R⁴¹)₂, —V₂—S(O)R⁴², —V₂—SO₃R⁴², —O—V₂—Ar² and —S—V₂—Ar²; each V₂ is independently a C1-C4 alkylene group; Ar² is an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; and each R⁴⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) an C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; and each R⁴¹ is independently R⁴⁰, —CO₂R⁴⁰, —SO₂R⁴⁰ or —C(O)R⁴⁰; or —N(R⁴¹)₂ taken together is an optionally substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino; and each R⁴² is independently: i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or ii) an C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently —H; —OH; a halogen; or a C1-C6 alkoxy or C1-C6 alkyl group.
 6. (canceled)
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein each of the aliphatic, the aryl and the heteroaryl groups represented by each of R⁴, R⁷ and R⁸ independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, Ar³, Ar³—Ar³, —OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁵⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —NCS, —N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —NR⁵¹C(O)OR⁵², —N(R⁵¹)C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(S)R⁵⁰, —C(O)OR⁵⁰, —OC(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)₂R⁵², —SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)R⁵², —SO₃R⁵², —NR⁵¹SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹SO₂R⁵², —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —V₄—SR⁵⁰, —V₄—NO₂, —V₄—CN, —V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—NR⁵¹CO₂R⁵², —V₄—N(R⁵¹)C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(S)R⁵⁰, —V₄—CO₂R⁵⁰, —V₄—OC(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂—, —V₄—S(O)₂R⁵², —V₄—SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—S(O)R⁵², —V₄—SO₃R⁵², —V₄—NR⁵¹SO₂N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹SO₂R⁵², —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S—V₄—Ar³, —S—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)— V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(S)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(S)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)O—V₄—Ar³, —O—C(O)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —S(O)₂—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)₂—V₄—Ar³, —SO₂N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —SO₂N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —S(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)—V₄—Ar³, —S(O)₂—O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S(O)₂—O—V₄—Ar³, —NR⁵¹SO₂—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹SO₂—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p′)—S—, and —[CH₂]_(q′)—; each V₄ is independently a C1-C10 alkylene group; each V₅ is independently a C2-C10 alkylene group; each Ar³ is independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy and haloalkyl; and each R⁵⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; or iii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; and each R⁵¹ is independently R⁵⁰, —CO₂R⁵⁰, —SO₂R⁵⁰ or —C(O)R⁵⁰; or —N(R⁵¹)₂ taken together is a non-aromatic heterocyclic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino; and each R⁵² is independently: i) an aryl group or a heteroaryl group, each of which independently is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; or ii) an alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, haloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl and haloalkyl; and the non-aromatic heterocyclic group represented by —N(R⁴R⁷) is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, (C1-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, (C1-C6 alkyl)amino and (C1-C6 dialkyl)amino; each p′ is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and each q′ is 3, 4, 5 or
 6. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the compound is represented by the following structural formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁴ is an optionally substituted aliphatic group.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein: R¹ is a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, —OR³⁰, —SR³⁰, —N(R³¹)₂, Ar¹, —V_(o)—OR³⁰, —V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p)—S—, and —[CH₂]_(q)—; Ar¹ is a phenyl group each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; and each R³⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) an C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; and each R³¹ is independently R³⁰, or —N(R³¹)₂ is a non-aromatic heterocyclic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein —N(R²R³) is a pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C5 alkylcarbonyl or C1-C5 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C5 alkylamino and C1-C5 dialkylamino.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the aliphatic group represented by R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, Ar³, Ar³—Ar³, —OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁵⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)OR⁵⁰, —OC(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —V₄—SR⁵⁰, —V₄—NO₂, —V₄—CN, —V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—CO₂R⁵⁰, —V₄—OC(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂—, —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S—V₄—Ar³, —S—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)O—V₄—Ar³, —O—C(O)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein Y is —H.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein —N(R²R³) is an unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl group.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein: the phenyl group represented by R¹ is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of —OR³⁰, alkyl, and —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the aliphatic group represented by R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, haloalkyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, —OR⁵⁰, —Ar³, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein: Ar³ is a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; and each R⁵⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) an C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl. 17.-21. (canceled)
 22. The method of claim 7, wherein: X is —(CR⁵R⁶)_(n)-Q-; Q is —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —C(O)O—, —C(S)O—, —C(S)S—, —C(O)NR⁸—, —NR⁸—, —NR⁸C(O)—, —NR⁸C(O)NR⁸—, —OC(O)—, —SO₃—, —SO—, —S(O)₂—, —SO₂NR⁸—, or —NR⁸SO₂—; and R⁴ is —H, a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; or X is —O—, —S— or —NR⁷—; and R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; or X is —(CR⁵R⁶)_(m)—; and R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, —CN, —NCS, —NO₂ or a halogen; or X is a covalent bond; and R⁴ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; and n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or
 6. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the compound is represented by a structural formula selected from the group consisting of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁷ is —H or C1-C6 alkyl.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein: R¹ is a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, haloalkyl, —OR³⁰, —SR³⁰, —N(R³¹)₂, Ar¹, —V_(o)—OR³⁰, —V_(o)—N(R³¹)₂, —V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V_(o)—Ar¹, —O—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —S—V_(o)—Ar¹, —S—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —N(R³¹)—V_(o)—Ar¹, —N(R³¹)—V₁—N(R³¹)₂, —O—[CH₂]_(p)—O—, —S—[CH₂]_(p)—S—, and —[CH₂]_(q)—; Ar¹ is a phenyl group each optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; and each R³⁰ is independently i) hydrogen; ii) a phenyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C6 alkyl, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; or iii) an C1-C10 alkyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino, C1-C6 dialkylamino, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl and C1-C6 haloalkyl; and each R³¹ is independently R³⁰, or —N(R³¹)₂ is a non-aromatic heterocyclic group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, ═O, ═S, ═N(C1-C6 alkyl), C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C6 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C6 alkylcarbonyl, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C6 alkylamino and C1-C6 dialkylamino.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein —N(R²R³) is a pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl or morpholinyl group optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, nitro, cyano, C1-C5 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C5 alkylcarbonyl or C1-C5 haloalkoxy, amino, C1-C5 alkylamino and C1-C5 dialkylamino.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein each of the aliphatic group, the aryl group and the heteroaryl group, represented by each of R⁴, R⁷ and R⁸ independently is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 haloalkyl, Ar³, Ar³—Ar³, —OR⁵⁰, —O(haloalkyl), —SR⁵⁰, —NO₂, —CN, —N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)OR⁵⁰, —OC(O)R⁵⁰, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—Ar³, —V—OR⁵⁰, —V₄—O(haloalkyl), —V₄—SR⁵⁰, —V₄—NO₂, —V₄—CN, —V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —V₄—NR⁵¹C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—CO₂R⁵⁰, —V₄—OC(O)R⁵⁰, —V₄—C(O)N(R⁵¹)₂—, —O—V₄—Ar³, —O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —S—V₄—Ar³, —S—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —NR⁵¹C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)—V₄—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)O—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)O—V₄—Ar³, —O—C(O)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —O—C(O)—V₄—Ar³, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₅—N(R⁵¹)₂, —C(O)N(R⁵¹)—V₄—Ar³, —O—[CH₂]_(p′)—O— and —[CH₂]_(q′)—. 27.-64. (canceled) 